Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - The first Russian round-the-world trip. The first Russian circumnavigation of the world - the expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky

On August 7, 1803, two sloops left the port in Kronstadt. The names Nadezhda and Neva flaunted on their sides, although until recently they had other names - Leander and Thames. It was under the new names that these ships, bought by Emperor Alexander I in England, were to go down in history as the first Russian ships circling the entire globe. The idea of ​​a round-the-world expedition belonged to Alexander I and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Nikolai Rumyantsev. It was assumed that its participants will collect as much as possible more information about the countries that will be on their way - about their nature and the life of their peoples. And besides, it was planned to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through which the route of travelers also passed.
Yuri Lisyansky, captain of the Neva sloop

Conflicts on board

Reinforcements for the colonists

triumphant return

Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern And Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788–1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes; sent in 1793 by volunteers to England to serve on english navy fought the French off the coast of North America. Both had sailing experience tropical waters; on English ships for several years they went to the Antilles and India, and Kruzenshtern reached South China.

Returning to Russia, I. Kruzenshtern in 1799 and 1802. presented projects of circumnavigations as the most profitable direct trade communication between Russian ports Baltic Sea and Russian America. At Paul I the project did not pass, with a young Alexandra I it was accepted with the support of the Russian-American Company, which took on half the costs. In early August 1802, I. Kruzenshtern was approved as the head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Y. Lisyansky in 1800 returned from India through England to his homeland. In 1802, after being appointed to a round-the-world expedition, he traveled to England to buy two sloops: the tsarist officials believed that Russian ships would not survive a round-the-world voyage. With great difficulty, Kruzenshtern ensured that the crew on both ships was staffed exclusively by domestic sailors: Russian noble Anglo-lovers argued that "the enterprise would by no means succeed with Russian sailors." The sloop "Nadezhda" (430 tons) was commanded by I. Kruzenshtern himself, the ship "Neva" (370 tons) - Yu. Lisyansky. On board the Nadezhda was Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, son-in-law G. I. Shelikhova, one of the founding directors of the Russian-American Company. He was on his way to Japan with an entourage as an envoy to conclude a trade agreement. At the end of July 1803, the ships left Kronstadt, and three months later, south of the Cape Zeleny Islands (near 14 ° N), I. Kruzenshtern established that both sloops were being carried to the east by a strong current - this was how the Intertrade countercurrent was discovered A warm sea current directed from west to east in the low latitudes of the Atlantic. Atlantic Ocean. In mid-November, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, ships crossed the equator, and on February 19, 1804, rounded Cape Horn. In the Pacific they parted ways. Y. Lisyansky, by agreement, went to Fr. Easter, completed an inventory of the coast and got acquainted with the life of the inhabitants. At Nukuhiva (one of the Marquesas Islands), he caught up with the Nadezhda, and together they moved to the Hawaiian Islands, and then the ships followed different routes: I. Kruzenshtern - to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky; Yu. Lisyansky - to Russian America, to Fr. Kodiak.

Having received from A. A. Baranova a letter testifying to his plight. Y. Lisyansky arrived at the Alexander archipelago and provided military aid A. Baranov against the Tlingit Indians: these "koloshi" (as the Russians called them), instigated by disguised agents of an American pirate, destroyed the Russian fortification on about. Sitka (Fr. Baranova). In 1802, Baranov built a new fortress there - Novoarkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka), where he soon transferred the center of Russian America. At the end of 1804 and in the spring of 1805, Yu. Lisyansky, together with the navigator of the Neva Daniil Vasilievich Kalinin described in the Gulf of Alaska about. Kodiak, as well as part of the Alexander archipelago. At the same time, west of Sitki D. Kalinin discovered about. Kruzov, which was previously considered a peninsula. Large island north of Y. Lisyansky named Sitka after V. Ya. Chichagova. In the autumn of 1805, the Neva, with a load of furs, moved from Sitka to Macau (South China), where it joined the Nadezhda. On the way, uninhabited about. Lisyansky and the Neva reef, classified as part of the Hawaiian archipelago, and to the south-west of them - the Kruzenshtern reef. From Canton, where he managed to profitably sell furs, Y. Lisyansky made an unprecedented non-stop passage around the cape in 140 days Good Hope in Portsmouth (England), but at the same time parted from the Hope in foggy weather off the southeast coast of Africa. On August 5, 1806, he arrived in Kronstadt, having completed a round-the-world voyage, the first in the annals of the Russian fleet.

The St. Petersburg authorities reacted coldly to Y. Lisyansky. He was given another rank (captain of the 2nd rank), but that was the end of his naval career. Description of his voyage "Journey around the world in 1803-1806. on the ship "Neva" (St. Petersburg, 1812) he published at his own expense.

"Hope" anchored at Petropavlovsk in mid-July 1804. Then I. Kruzenshtern brought N. Rezanov to Nagasaki, and after negotiations that ended in complete failure, in the spring of 1805 he returned with an envoy to Petropavlovsk, where he parted ways with him. On the way to Kamchatka, I. Kruzenshtern followed the Eastern Passage to the Sea of ​​Japan and photographed the western coast of about. Hokkaido. Then he passed through the La Perouse Strait to Aniva Bay and made a number of determinations of the geographical position of noticeable points there. Intending to map the still poorly studied eastern coast of Sakhalin, on May 16 he rounded Cape Aniva, moving north along the coast with the survey. I. Kruzenshtern discovered a small bay of Mordvinov, described the rocky eastern and northern low-lying shores of the Gulf of Patience. The names of the capes assigned to them are also preserved on the maps of our time (for example, Capes Senyavin and Soimonov).

Strong ice floes prevented us from reaching Cape Patience and continuing shooting to the north (end of May). Then I. Kruzenshtern decided to put aside the descriptive work and go to Kamchatka. He headed east to the Kuril ridge and the strait, now bearing his name, went out into the Pacific Ocean. Unexpectedly, four islets (Lovushki Islands) opened up in the west. The approach of a storm forced the Nadezhda to return to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. When the storm subsided, the ship proceeded through the Severgin Strait to the Pacific Ocean and on June 5 arrived in the Peter and Paul Harbor.

To continue exploration of the eastern coast of Sakhalin, I. Kruzenshtern in July passed through the Strait of Hope into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Sakhalin Cape Patience. After weathering the storm, on 19 July he began filming north. The coast to 51 ° 30 "N did not have large bends - only minor recesses (mouths of small rivers); in the depths of the island, several rows of low mountains (the southern end of the Eastern Range) were visible, stretching parallel to the coast and rising noticeably to the north. After a four-day storm, accompanied by dense fog (end of July), "Nadezhda" was again able to approach the coast, which became low and sandy. At 52 ° N. latitude, the sailors saw a small bay (they missed the other two, located to the south, they missed). The low-lying coast continued and further north, until on August 8 at 54 ° N I. Kruzenshtern discovered a high coast with a large cape named after Lieutenant Yermolai Levenshtern. The next day, in cloudy and foggy weather, the Nadezhda rounded the northern end of Sakhalin and entered a small bay (Northern), its input and output capes received the names of Elizabeth and Mary.

After a short stay, during which there was a meeting with the Gilyaks, I. Kruzenshtern examined the eastern shore of the Sakhalin Bay: he wanted to check whether Sakhalin was an island, as it was indicated on Russian maps of the 18th century. or a peninsula, as claimed J. F. La Perouse. At the northern entrance to the Amur Estuary, the depths turned out to be insignificant, and I. Kruzenshtern, having come to the “conclusion that leaves no doubt” that Sakhalin is a peninsula, returned to Petropavlovsk. As a result of the voyage, he first mapped and described more than 900 km of the eastern, northern and northwestern coast of Sakhalin.

In the autumn of 1805, Nadezhda visited Macau and Canton. In 1806, without stopping, she moved to Fr. Helena, where she waited in vain for the Neva (see above), then circled Great Britain from the north and returned to Kronstadt on August 19, 1806, without losing a single sailor from illness. This expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science, erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying the geographical position of many points. Participants of the first round-the-world voyage carried out various oceanological observations: they discovered the trade wind countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; measured water temperature at depths up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the cause of the glow of the sea; collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, tides and tides in a number of areas of the World Ocean.

Swimming of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - the beginning new era in the history of Russian navigation.

In 1809–1812 I. Kruzenshtern published three volumes of his “Travel around the world in 1803-1806. on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". This work, translated in many European countries immediately won general recognition. In 1813, the "Atlas for a trip around the world by Captain Kruzenshtern" was published; most of the maps (including the general one) were compiled by Lieutenant Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen. In the 20s. Kruzenshtern published "Atlas South Sea” with an extensive text, which is now a valuable literary source for historians of the discovery of Oceania and is widely used by Soviet and foreign specialists.

IN

Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, like his predecessors, a combat sailor, sailed as a volunteer on English warships to the Antilles. Then he showed himself as an innovator: he developed new marine signals. At the end of July 1807, commanding the sloop "Diana", V. Golovnin set off from Kronstadt to the shores of Kamchatka. He was a senior officer Petr Ivanovich Rikord(later one of the founders of the Russian geographical society). Reaching Cape Horn. V. Golovnin, due to contrary winds, at the beginning of March 1808 turned to the Cape of Good Hope and arrived in Simonstown in April, where the British detained the sloop for more than a year due to the outbreak of the Anglo-Russian war. In May 1809 dark night, taking advantage of a fair storm wind, V. Golovnin, despite the fact that there was a large English squadron in the roadstead, took the ship out of the harbor into the sea. He rounded Tasmania from the south and made a non-stop transition to about. Tanna (New Hebrides), and in the fall of 1809 he arrived in Petropavlovsk. In 1810 he sailed in the northern part Pacific Ocean from Kamchatka to about. Baranova (Sitka) and back.

In May 1811, the Diana went to sea to the Kuril Islands, to the Strait of Hope (48 ° N). From there, V. Golovnin began a new inventory of the central and southern groups of the Kuril Islands - the old ones turned out to be unsatisfactory. Between 48 and 47° N. sh. new names of accurately plotted straits appeared on the map: Middle, in honor of the navigator of the Diana Basil the Middle(the islands near this strait are also named after him), Rikord, Diana, and in the southern chain - Catherine's Strait. This strait was discovered by the commander of the Russian transport "Ekaterina", navigator Grigory Lovtsov in 1792, when he delivered the first Russian ambassador Adam Kirillovich Laxman to Japan. So "Diana" reached Fr. Kunashir. There, V. Golovnin landed to replenish supplies of water and provisions, and was taken prisoner by the Japanese along with two officers and four sailors. They spent two years and three months in Hokkaido. In 1813, after Russia's victory over Napoleon I, all Russian sailors were released. On the "Diana" V. Golovnin returned to Petropavlovsk. His truthful Notes of Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin Captured by the Japanese (1816) were and are being read with riveting interest as an adventure novel; this work is the first (after E. KaempferThe German physician in the Dutch service, Engelbert Kaempfer, lived in Nagasaki from 1690–1692. His History of Japan and Siam was published in London in 1727.) a book about Japan, artificially isolated from the outside world for two centuries. The glory of V. Golovnin as a remarkable navigator and writer increased after the publication of his "Journey of the sloop" Diana "from Kronstadt to Kamchatka ..." (1819).

In 1817–1819 V. Golovnin made the second round-the-world voyage, described by him in the book “Journey around the world on the Kamchatka sloop” (1812), during which he specified the position of a number of islands from the Aleutian ridge.

command trusted a well-discovered twenty-five-year-old lieutenant Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, appointing him commander of the ship "Suvorov", which departed in October 1813 from Kronstadt to Russian America. Passing the Cape of Good Hope and Cape South about. Tasmania, he went to Port Jackson (Sydney), and from there he took the ship to the Hawaiian Islands. At the end of September 1814 at 13° 10" S and 163° 10" W. e. he discovered five uninhabited atolls and called them the Suvorov Islands. In November, M. Lazarev arrived in Russian America and spent the winter in Novoarkhangelsk. In the summer of 1815, from Novoarkhangelsk, he went to Cape Horn and, having rounded it, completed his circumnavigation in Kronstadt in mid-July 1816.

Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue had already circumnavigated the globe once (on the Nadezhda sloop), when Count N. P. Rumyantsev in 1815 he invited him to become the commander of the brig "Rurik" and the head of a research expedition around the world. Its main task was to find the Northeast Sea Passage from the Pacific to Atlantic Ocean. invited as a senior officer Gleb Semenovich Shishmarev. In Copenhagen, on board the "Rurik" O. Kotzebue took an outstanding naturalist and poet, a Frenchman but by origin Adalberta Chamisso. On the brig "Rurik", a very small ship (only 180 tons), the crowding was extreme, conditions for scientific work- none.

O. Kotzebue left Kronstadt in mid-July 1815, rounded Cape Horn, and after stopping in Concepción Bay (Chile) for some time searched in vain at 27 ° S. sh. fantastic "Davis' Land". In April - May 1816, in the northern part of the Tuamotu archipelago, he discovered about. Rumyantsev (Tikei), Spiridov (Takopoto), Rurik (Arutua), Krusenstern (Tikehau) atolls and in the Ratak chain of the Marshall Islands - Kutuzov (Utirik) and Suvorov (Taka) atolls; part of the discoveries was secondary. Then he headed to the Chukchi Sea to the American coast. At the end of July, at the exit from the Bering Strait, O. Kotzebue discovered and explored Shishmareva Bay. With a fair wind in fine weather, the ship moved near the low-lying coast to the northeast, and on August 1, the sailors saw a wide passage to the east, and in the north - high ridge(southern spurs of the Byrd Mountains, up to 1554 m). At the first moment, Kotzebue decided that in front of him was the beginning of the passage to the Atlantic Ocean, but after a two-week survey of the coast, he was convinced that this was a vast bay named after him. The opening of Shishmareva Bay and Kotzebue Bay was helped by a drawing of Chukotka, compiled in 1779 by the Cossack centurion Ivan Kobelev. In this drawing, he also showed part of the American coast with two bays - small and large. In the southeastern part of the bay, sailors discovered Eschsholz Bay (in honor of the ship's doctor, then a student, Ivan Ivanovich Eshsholts, who proved to be an outstanding naturalist). On the shores of the Kotzebue Bay, scientists from the Rurik discovered and described fossil ice - for the first time in America - and found a mammoth tusk in it. Turning south, "Rurik" moved to about. Unalaska, from there to San Francisco Bay and the Hawaiian Islands.

In January - March 1817, the expedition members re-explored the Marshall Islands, and in the Ratak chain they discovered, examined and applied to accurate map a number of inhabited atolls: in January - New Year (Medzhit) and Rumyantsev (Votye), in February - Chichagova (Erikub), Maloelap and Traverse (Aur), in March - Kruzenshtern (Ailuk) and Bikar. Together with A. Chamisso and I. Eschsholz, O. Kotzebue completed the first scientific description the entire archipelago, having spent several months on Rumyantsev Atoll. They were the first to express the correct idea about the origin of coral islands, which was later developed by C. Darwin. Then Kotzebue again moved to the northern part of the Bering Sea, but due to an injury received during a storm, he decided to return to his homeland.

The only officer on the "Rurik" - G. Shishmarev withstood the double load with honor. He, with the help of a young assistant navigator Vasily Stepanovich Khromchenko, from which a first-class navigator came out, who later circled the globe twice more - already as a ship commander. On the way to the Philippines, the expedition explored the Marshall Islands for the third time and in November 1817, in particular, mapped the inhabited atoll of Heyden (Likiep) in the center of the archipelago, completing basically the discovery of the Ratak chain, which apparently began even in 1527 a Spaniard A. Saavedroy.

July 23, 1818 "Rurik" entered the Neva. Only one person from his team died. The participants of this round-the-world voyage collected a huge amount of scientific material - geographical, especially oceanographic, and ethnographic. It was processed by O. Kotzebue and his collaborators for the collective three-volume work “Journey to South ocean and to the Bering Strait to search for the Northeast Sea Passage, undertaken in 1815–1818. ... on the ship "Rurik"..." (1821-1823), the main part of which was written by O. Kotzebue himself. A. Chamisso gave a highly artistic description of navigation in the book “Around the World Journey ... on the Rurik brig” (1830) - a classic work of this genre in German literature of the 19th century.

The task of opening the Northern Sea Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic was set by the government and before the Arctic expedition, sent in early July 1819 around the Cape of Good Hope on two sloops - "Discovery", under the command of a combat officer Mikhail Nikolaevich Vasiliev, he is also the head of the expedition, and "Good-meaning", Captain G. Shishmarev. In mid-May 1820, in the Pacific Ocean (at 29°N), the sloops separated by order of M. Vasiliev. He went to Petropavlovsk, G. Shishmarev - to Fr. Unalaska. They joined in the Gulf of Kotzebue in mid-July. From there they went out together, but the slow-moving "Benevolent" lagged behind and reached only 69 ° 01 "N, and M. Vasiliev on the "Opening" - 71 ° 06" N. sh., 22 minutes north of Cook: solid ice prevented further advance to the north. On the way back, they went through Unalaska to Petropavlovsk, and by November they arrived in San Francisco, where they made the first accurate inventory of the bay.

In the spring of 1821, the sloops through the Hawaiian Islands at different times moved to about. Unalaska. Then M. Vasiliev moved to the northeast, to Cape Newznhem (Bering Sea), and on July 11, 1821, he discovered at 60 ° N. sh. O. Nunivak (4.5 thousand km²). M. Vasiliev named it in honor of his ship - Fr. Opening. The officers of the "Discovery" described the southern coast of the island (two capes received their names). Two days later, Fr. Nunivak, regardless of M. Vasiliev, was discovered by the commanders of two ships of the Russian-American company - V. Khromchenko and a free sailor Adolf Karlovich Etolin, later the main ruler of Russian America. Etolin Strait is named after him, between the mainland and about. Nunivak. Having then passed into the Chukchi Sea, M. Vasiliev described the American coast between Capes Lisburn and Ice Cape (at 70 ° 20 "N), but because of the ice he turned back. In September, the sloop anchored in the Peter and Paul harbor.

Meanwhile, G. Shishmarev, according to the assignment, penetrated through the Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea, but by the end of July, with the greatest efforts, he could reach only 70 ° 13 "N: contrary winds and heavy ice forced him to retreat. He arrived in Petropavlovsk ten days after M. Vasiliev. Both ships returned through the Hawaiian Islands and around Cape Horn in early August 1822 to Kronstadt, having completed their circumnavigation.

1823–1826 O. Kotzebue on the sloop "Enterprise" made his second round-the-world voyage (as commander of the ship). His companion was the student Emily Khristianovich Lenz, later an academician, an outstanding physicist: he studied the vertical distribution of salinity, the temperature of the Pacific waters, and the daily changes in air temperature at different latitudes. With the help of a barometer and a depth gauge designed by him, he performed many measurements of water temperature at depths of up to 2 thousand meters, laying the foundation for accurate oceanological research. Lenz was the first in 1845 to substantiate the scheme of the vertical circulation of the waters of the World Ocean. He presented the results of his research in the monograph "Physical observations made during a round-the-world trip" (Izbrannye trudy. M., 1950). I. Eschsholz, then already a professor, went with O. Kotzebue. On the way from Chile to Kamchatka and in March 1824 in the Tuamotu archipelago, O. Kotzebue discovered the inhabited atoll of the Enterprise (Fakahina), and in the western group of the Society Islands - the Bellingshausen atoll. In low southern latitudes, the ship got into a calm zone and moved very slowly to the north. May 19 at 9°S sh. showers and squalls began. O. Kotzebue noted a strong current, daily carrying the "Enterprise" to the west by 37-55 km. The picture changed dramatically at 3° S. sh. and 180°W d.: the direction of the current has become directly opposite, but the speed has remained the same. He could not explain the reason for this phenomenon. Now we know that O. Kotzebue collided with the South Equatorial Countercurrent. He made another discovery in October 1825: on the way from the Hawaiian Islands to the Philippines, he discovered the atolls of Rimsky-Korsakov (Rongelan) and Eshsholz (Bikini) in the Ralik chain of the Marshall Islands.

In 1826, at the end of August, two sloops of war left Kronstadt under the general command Mikhail Nikolaevich Stanyukovich; commanded the second ship Fedor Petrovich Litke. The main task - the study of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and the inventory of the opposite coasts of America and Asia - M. Stanyukovich divided between both ships, and each subsequently acted mainly independently.

M. Stanyukovich, commanding the sloop "Moller", in February 1828 found about. Leyson, and in the extreme northwest - Kure Atoll and basically completed the discovery of the Hawaiian chain, proving that it extends for more than 2800 km, counting from the eastern tip of about. Hawaii - Cape Kumukahi. Then M. Stanyukovich explored the Aleutian Islands and surveyed the northern coast of the Alaska Peninsula, and the navigational assistant Andrey Khudobin discovered a group of small islands of Khudobin.

F. Litke, commanding the Senyavin sloop, explored the waters of Northeast Asia, and in the winter of 1827–1828. moved to the Caroline Islands. He explored a number of atolls there, and in January 1828, in the eastern part of this archipelago, visited by Europeans for about three centuries, he unexpectedly discovered the inhabited Senyavin Islands, including Ponape, the largest in the entire Caroline chain, and two atolls - Pakin and Ant ( perhaps it was a secondary discovery, after A. Saavedra). F. Litke described in detail the warm Pacific Equatorial countercurrent, which runs in the low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in eastbound(I. Kruzenshtern first drew attention to him). In the summer of 1828, F. Litke astronomically determined the most important points on the eastern coast of Kamchatka. Officer Ivan Alekseevich Ratmanov and navigator Vasily Egorovich Semenov first described about. Karaginsky and the Litke Strait, separating it from Kamchatka. Then the southern coast of the Chukchi Peninsula from the Mechigmenskaya Bay to the Gulf of the Cross was put on the map, the Senyavin Strait was discovered, separating the islands of Arakamchechen and Yttygran from the mainland.

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We are told about an expedition around the world at school in geography or history lessons. But only in passing, and this is a rather complicated and lengthy journey, especially if it took place more than two centuries ago, at the very beginning of the 19th century.

Who was the first Russian who decided to circumnavigate the oceans and organized the first official expedition?

Two frigates arrived in the northern port of Kronstadt in 1803: the Neva and the Nadezhda. They were brought from England, where these ships, originally named Thames and Leander, were bought by Alexander I. It was the All-Russian holder who initiated the expedition. The purpose of the trip was to explore little known points the globe, their natural conditions And folk traditions, as well as the possibility of laying sea ​​routes between Russia and Russian Alaska. In addition, it was supposed to establish diplomatic relations with distant and mysterious Japan.

Experienced sailors who had been trained in England and had experience in naval battles were appointed captains of two ships. "Neva" was headed by Yuri Lisyansky, and "Nadezhda" - by Ivan Kruzenshtern. If relative order and calm reigned on the first sloop, then on the Nadezhda the situation periodically got out of control. The fault of everything that happened was two individuals who were part of the expedition: Count Nikolai Rezanov and Fyodor Tolstoy.

The conflict between Captain Kruzenshtern and the future Russian ambassador to Japan, Rezanov, was expressed in constant disputes for superiority on the ship. At first, quarrels manifested themselves in the form of screams and swearing, then communication went through notes, but by the end of the joint trip, it completely stopped. Who was right and who was wrong is difficult to establish: in personal diaries one blames the other.

Things were worse with Fyodor Tolstoy. This young man had a reputation for brawler, duellist and eccentric. He went with a team of sailors instead of his brother, also Fyodor Tolstoy, who did not want to be a participant in a round-the-world voyage. The secular razbyshaka, on the contrary, dreamed of leaving the capital as soon as possible, where he was awaited by a penalty for another brawl. Fyodor Tolstoy's entertainment during the voyage caused great displeasure of the captain. He repeatedly locked the "sailor" in the hold. His antics continued even after serving his sentence: either he incited and quarreled with the members of the team, or he arranged cruel jokes for the sailors. Once Tolstoy bought an orangutan on one of the Pacific islands and taught him tricks. After the monkey, taught to mischief, spoiled Kruzenshtern's personal travel notes, the captain landed the "hooligans" in the nearest Russian port in Kamchatka.

One of the tasks of "Nadezhda" was the delivery of Rezanov to Japan, which was successfully done. Further circumnavigation took place without him. The Neva, having gone to Alaska, helped the Russian settlers recapture the island of Sitka, which was occupied by the Indians. Having completed parallel missions, the ships met again off the coast of Japan and set off further together, sometimes going side by side, sometimes lagging behind each other.

The frigates returned home with a difference of 1.5-2 weeks in the summer of 1806. The return was triumphant, all the participants of the circumnavigation received awards and prizes. By the way, Thaddeus Bellingshausen, who soon led the expedition to Antarctica, took part in this expedition.

On August 7, 1803, two ships set out on a long voyage from Kronstadt. These were the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", on which Russian sailors were to make trip around the world.

The head of the expedition was Captain-Lieutenant Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the commander of the Nadezhda. The Neva was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had already taken part in long-distance voyages. Kruzenshtern improved his skills in maritime affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French war, was in America, India, and China.
Kruzenshtern project
During his travels, Kruzenshtern came up with a bold project, the implementation of which was intended to promote the expansion of Russian trade relations with China. Tireless energy was needed to interest the tsarist government in the project, and Kruzenshtern achieved this.

During the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), conceived by Peter I and carried out under the command of Bering, huge regions were visited and annexed to Russia in North America, called Russian America.

Russian industrialists began to visit the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands, and the fame of the fur wealth of these places penetrated St. Petersburg. However, communication with "Russian America" ​​at that time was extremely difficult. We drove through Siberia, the way was kept to Irkutsk, then to Yakutsk and Okhotsk. From Okhotsk they sailed to Kamchatka and, after waiting for the summer, across the Bering Sea to America. The delivery of supplies and ship gear necessary for fishing was especially expensive. It was necessary to cut long ropes into pieces and, after delivery to the place, fasten them again; they did the same with chains for anchors, sails.

In 1799, the merchants united to create a large trade under the supervision of trusted clerks who constantly lived near the trade. The so-called Russian-American Company arose. However, the profits from the sale of furs went to a large extent to cover travel expenses.

Kruzenshtern's project was to establish communication with the American possessions of the Russians by sea instead of a difficult and long journey by land. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern suggested a closer point for selling furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were valued very dearly. To carry out the project, it was necessary to take big Adventure and explore this new path for Russians.

After reading Kruzenshtern's draft, Paul I muttered: "What nonsense!" - and that was enough for a bold undertaking to be buried for several years in the affairs of the Naval Department. Under Alexander I, Krusenstern again began to achieve his goal. He was helped by the fact that Alexander himself had shares in the Russian-American Company. The travel plan has been approved.

preparations
It was necessary to purchase ships, since there were no ships suitable for long-distance navigation in Russia. The ships were bought in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would give a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and the painter Kurlyandtsev to participate in the expedition.

The expedition was relatively well equipped with precise instruments for conducting various observations, had a large collection of books, nautical charts and other manuals necessary for long-distance navigation.

Kruzenshtern was advised to take English sailors on the voyage, but he protested vigorously, and the Russian team was recruited.

Krusenstern paid special attention to the preparation and equipment of the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly antiscorbutic, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England.
Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy had to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time was almost completely unknown to the Russians. Japan traded only with Holland, for other countries its ports remained closed.

In addition to gifts to the Japanese emperor, the embassy mission was supposed to take home several Japanese who accidentally ended up in Russia after a shipwreck and quite for a long time who lived in it.
After long preparations, the ships put to sea.

The most sublime report of the Minister of Public Education on the doubts of the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee regarding the expediency of publishing one passage from Captain Kruzenshtern's Journey of the Fleet, concerning the plight of industrialists going on the ships of the Russian-American Company to Russian villages. On the note is the king's resolution on permission to print the Journey in full.

Department of Public Education of the Ministry of Public Education.
The case against the Minister of Public Education to the author of "Journey Around the World" Navy Captain Yu. F. Lisyansky with a request to send maps and drawings belonging to his book to the library of the Department. Immediately, according to the letter of Mr. Lisyansky about acceptance from him in educational establishments published by him essay "Journey around the world." Immediately about the distribution of this essay to different provinces for gymnasiums and schools and about collecting money for it.

The case on the satisfaction of the petition of G. I. Langsdorf, adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, for the admission of his work "Bemerkungen auf einer Reise um die Welt in den Jahren 1803-1807" detained in the St. Petersburg customs without duties

Department of Public Education of the Ministry of Public Education.
The case on the satisfaction of the petition of the adjunct of the Academy of Sciences G. I. Langsdorf for the admission without duties of his work "Bemerkungen auf einer Reise um die Welt in den Jahren 1803-1807" detained in the St. Petersburg customs.