26.10.2019

Remote controlled television reconnaissance complex. Domestic weapons and military equipment. From the Arctic to the tropics

The "Ratnik" combat equipment for servicemen is one of the largest modernization projects of the Russian army. As applied to this program, the concept of equipment is so broad and extensive that all its elements are almost impossible to describe in one article or depict in one photograph.

For ordinary soldiers who have been receiving the first Ratnik kits since the end of 2014, this is, first of all, a comfortable uniform made of modern fabrics with many elements for the summer, winter and demi-season periods, lightweight composite protection covering up to 90% of the body, a lightweight head that fits well helmet.

For visitors to exhibitions, “Ratnik” is an image of a soldier of the future, hung with state-of-the-art computer equipment, seeing through walls and shooting from around corners using a helmet-mounted monitor.

In total, the equipment includes more than 70 elements that are interconnected and complement each other structurally and functionally.

To understand what today is like combat equipment Russian serviceman, we conducted a series of interviews. Specialists from the main developer of the program, OJSC TsNIITOCHMASH (part of the Rostec state corporation), told us about the main elements of the “Ratnik” kit. Impressions about new equipment Soldiers from a reconnaissance company from one of the military units where the tests took place shared with us. We discussed the electronic content of the equipment of the “soldier of the future” with the general designer of Radioavionics OJSC Alexander Kaplin.

Survival fashion

A soldier’s combat equipment set is a complex of five systems integrated into each other: destruction, protection, control, life support and energy supply. That is, the “Ratnik” program covers almost everything that a soldier needs on the battlefield: from shoes and clothing to weapons, medicine, aiming, surveillance, communications, guidance and target designation of artillery and aviation.

“We tested all sets of second-generation clothing, made forced marches of 5 and 20 km, and went through an obstacle course,” says reconnaissance platoon commander Ivan Velichko. Five scouts demonstrated for us how to navigate the obstacle course in full protective gear, one of them with a heavy machine gun in his hands. Smiling soldiers praise new clothes, which always exactly matches the weather, a lightweight and comfortable helmet, safety glasses, a multifunctional knife-tool. The shoes from the Faraday company are impressive: breathable Gore-Tex membrane, non-slip reinforced Vibram sole, weight at the level of the best trekking boots (both summer and winter models).

An anti-fragmentation armored helmet weighing only 1 kg guarantees the same level of protection as foreign analogues weighing at least 1.3 kg. An adjustable under-neck device helps fit the helmet to your head and provides additional shock absorption against impacts and debris.

A comfortable and fairly lightweight body armor with a built-in quick-release system is very easy to put on and take off, and in order to un-equip a wounded soldier, you just need to pull the pin (previously you had to remove the vest over your head or cut the straps).

The body armor from the “Ratnik” kit is equipped with ceramic-composite armor panels made from a layer of ceramic tiles and a composite substrate. Ceramics are distinguished by very high hardness with relatively low weight. The ceramic outer layer effectively breaks up the bullet, while the reinforced composite backing retains bullet fragments and ceramic fragments. As standard, the Ratnik body armor weighs a little more than 7 kg, which is significantly less mass his predecessor. There is also an assault body armor package, in which the level of protection is increased to the maximum (sixth) class, and bulletproof protection is provided for the side zones and groin area. In this case, the weight of the body armor reaches 15 kg.

This is what a ceramic-composite armor plate looks like after being hit by ten armor-piercing incendiary bullets from a sniper SVD rifles from a distance of 10 m. On the other hand, the same plate looks like new.

At the TsNIITOCHMASH enterprise in Klimovsk near Moscow, we were shown an assault chest armor panel developed by NPF Tekhinkom LLC and withstood ten hits from armor-piercing incendiary bullets when fired from sniper rifle SVD from a distance of 10 m. Reverse side the plates remained absolutely smooth, without a single bulge. This means that a soldier protected by a body armor with such panels will not receive concussion injuries and will remain combat-ready.

The MFP is carried in the chest pocket, has an alphanumeric indicator and gives access to all functions of the complex through a system of context menus. In particular, you can use it to type text messages and use a navigator.

Special protective suits also deserve attention. The "Permyachka" overalls, made of special ballistic aramid fabric, can protect a soldier from shell fragments flying at speeds of up to 140 m/s with a mass of 1 g, as well as from open flames for 10 s. And the “Cowboy” kit for crew members of armored vehicles will help a tanker survive if the tank is damaged and catches fire.

The operational control panel does not have a screen and operates on the “finger-button” principle.

Lord of Thunder

The control system is that part of the “Warrior” that even today looks like science fiction, although in fact the “Strelets” reconnaissance, control and communications complex (KRUS), included in the program, has been in service with the Russian army since 2007. At the moment, the second generation of “Sagittarius” is relevant, produced since 2011 and constantly improved.

According to the apt description of the general designer of Radioavionics OJSC, Alexander Kaplin, the Strelets KRUS is a personal computer with peripherals distributed throughout a soldier’s unloading vest. Its capabilities, like any other computer, are limited only by the assigned tasks and the imagination of the developers. The complex guarantees the solution of all information problems that a serviceman may encounter.

A secure high-speed radio channel provides voice radio communications and data transmission. Data can mean text messages (preset and custom), photographs and videos, and, of course, geographic coordinates. The satellite navigation system virtually eliminates the possibility for a soldier to get lost, and for the commander to lose sight of a soldier.

On the commander's personal computer screen, the location of all fighters is displayed on a map of the area and updated in real time. The high update frequency (once per second), made possible thanks to a special high-speed radio channel, distinguishes the Strelets KRUS from its analogues that use standard radio stations for data transmission. In them, the update frequency can reach 10−30 seconds, since information about all fighters of the unit is transmitted via communication channels with low or average speed data transmission.

The commander can instantly send a soldier to the desired point by simply pointing it with a stylus on the map. Moreover, the fighter will receive not just the coordinates of his destination, but a complex route. KRUS will tell the soldier the way using an arrow on the screen and help him get around minefields and danger zones.

One of the modifications of the Sagittarius includes a rangefinder and goniometer device. It is enough for the gunner to simply see the target: based on the readings of the laser range finder and target elevation meter, as well as its own coordinates, KRUS will instantly calculate the coordinates of the target, and at the same time send its photo to the commander. All that remains is to give the command to open artillery fire or launch an air strike.

Of course, the Strelets is compatible with various electro-optical sights and helmet-mounted monitors that allow you to shoot from behind cover. This spectacular trick is proudly demonstrated at exhibitions by the developers of Felin and Gladius, the French and German analogues of Ratnik. However, Alexander Kaplin is convinced that transmitting video information in combat is not nearly as important as ensuring a good balance between weight and size characteristics, security and operating time without recharging when solving basic, that is, the most common combat missions.

A modern smartphone can hardly survive a day without a power outlet in standby mode. KRUS "Sagittarius" operates for 12 hours on one battery (and 24 hours on two) in continuous voice communication and data transmission mode. The complex operates at temperatures from minus 40 to plus 60 °C, and can withstand severe impacts, immersion in water and dirt.

“A special unit of Radioavionics is engaged in training and collecting information in the troops, accompanies devices during exercises and wherever possible,” says Alexander Yuryevich. — Practice shows that situations often arise in life that are simply impossible to predict. Therefore, the requirements of the Ministry of Defense to protect equipment are not at all far-fetched.” Moreover, if the first KRUS backpack samples, bristling with antennas, were a complete headache for a fighter, then the loads from placement on the Ratnik transport vest modern complex the soldier hardly notices.

From the Arctic to the tropics

Sets of “Ratnik” combat equipment are already being distributed throughout military units, but the program is still far from complete. Currently fighting to be included in the kit best samples small arms, sighting devices and observation devices, including thermal imagers, night vision devices, helmet-mounted cameras and monitors. The Kalashnikov concern's AK103−3 and AK-12 assault rifles are vying for inclusion in the "Warrior" (we wrote in detail about the new generation AK in May 2012), as well as weapons with balanced automatics developed by the Degtyarev plant. Many development enterprises are creating promising products with an eye on the third and even fourth generation of Ratnik.

The weapons of the Kalashnikov concern (part of the Rostec state corporation) are equipped with a folding telescopic buttstock, adjustable for anatomical features and fighter equipment, Picatinny rails on the lid receiver and a forend for attaching sighting devices. In the photo: a thermal imaging sight, a collimator sight, a 2x magnifier, a laser target designator and a transparent magazine that makes it easier to count the remaining cartridges.

General Director of OJSC TsNIITOCHMASH Dmitry Semizorov calls one of the main advantages of the Ratnik equipment its flexibility and versatility: “The modular principle of constructing elements allows for the recruitment of various units depending on the military specialty and combat missions. Having extensive experience in the development of combat equipment for military personnel, we have created a kit that functions equally effectively both in the extreme temperature conditions of the Arctic and in the hot tropics.”

Basic set KRUS “Sagittarius”

The strong point of Radioavionics OJSC is the development of modifications of the Strelets KRUS for various military specialties and combat missions. The kits are always in the unloading vest in an assembled state, and the fighter is freed from the need to assemble the system for individual missions, as well as to store the KRUS components separately.

1. An active noise-canceling headset protects the soldier's hearing from the roar of gunfire, but at the same time amplifies quiet sounds

2. The operational control panel is located on the fighter’s chest in open form and gives instant access to the main functions of KRUS. The remote control is built on the finger-button principle and is controlled by touch. There is a radio push-to-talk button, a “wounded” button, a subscriber switching button, a KRUS on/off button and a programmable hot key

3. Satellite navigation system

4. Primary power supply container, also known as the KRUS battery. To increase operating time without recharging, two or more batteries can be connected to the system at the same time. In the latest modifications of the complex, the container contains a built-in charger

5. The hardware container contains all the KRUS computer hardware. As standard, it is located in the unloading vest on the fighter’s left side. The computer can operate at temperatures from -40 to +60°C, and is reliably protected from water, dirt and shocks

6. Cables for connecting additional devices, in particular a rangefinder and goniometer device

7. The multifunctional remote control gives access to all KRUS functions through the context menus of the alphanumeric indicator. The remote control buttons are large enough to be pressed comfortably with gloves on.

8. Individual radio communication module

found:
INTERESTING names of weapons in Russia! :)

Germany has the Leopard tank. Israel has the Merkava (War Chariot). America has the Abrams tank, France has the Leclerc, both in honor of famous generals. And we have the T-72B "Slingshot". In honor of the slingshot! It’s not clear why, but it’s clear that KVN could only have been born here! :)

Or, for example, the Americans take it and call their self-propelled howitzer “Paladin”. And the British call theirs “Archer” (Archer). All is well. Our guys come up and say: look here. Here are the 2S1 "Gvozdika" and 2S3 "Akatsiya" self-propelled howitzers, the 2S4 "Tulip" self-propelled mortar and the 2S5 "Gyacinth" and 2S7 "Pion" long-range self-propelled guns, capable of firing nuclear shells. Please smell the bouquet.

So the Americans take and call their anti-tank guided missile “Dragon”. And the other is called "Shilleylah" (Budgeon). Everything is logical. Then our people come up and say: look at this. Here are the 9M14M "Malyutka" anti-tank missiles, the 9M123 "Chrysanthemum" anti-tank missiles and the "Metis" anti-tank missile (with the "Mulatto" night sight). And just to make it completely incomprehensible and scary for you, we also had a rocket called “Kromka”.

And to make you think even more, heavy combat vehicle We called tank support "Frame".

And to make your head spin, the newest missile system We called the coastal defense "Bal".

And so that the smile never leaves your face), our most powerful 30-barrel self-propelled flamethrower in the world is called TOS-1 “Buratino”, and our under-barrel grenade launcher GP-30 is called “Obuvka” :)!

If anything, then there is also an 82-mm automatic mortar 2B9 "Vasilek", company mortar 2B14 "Tray", mortar 2S12 "Sleigh", intercontinental ballistic missile"Courier" with a nuclear charge (receive the courier :)), intercontinental ballistic missile RT-23 UTTH "Molodets" with ten nuclear charges, Project 705 nuclear submarine "Lira", artillery fire control system "Kapustnik", containerized missile control system "Phantasmagoria" ", self-propelled gun"Capacitor" and grenade for the 7P24 "Foundling" grenade launcher.

weapon course support system on Project 667 nuclear submarines - "Tourmaline"
system for providing missiles with air and nitrogen - "Sova"
ship-based combat missile system nuclear submarine project 941 - "Fairy Tale"
jet deck depth bomber RGB-9000 - "Pikhta"
small anti-ship missile PKURS-30s - "Mol".....

"Vivarium" - ACS of a rocket artillery brigade
(ACS-automated control system)
"Grump" - aircraft satellite communications station
(Probably it constantly gives out: “they are chattering and chattering, there is no strength left, they are completely crazy, how much can you do, huh!?”, etc. :))
Woodpecker - aviation marker radio receiver MRP-48
Raccoon - torpedo SET-65
(this one is definitely not the slaughterer of the one that lives in the pond)
Corral - anti-submarine adjustable aerial bomb KAB-250-100
Brass knuckles - hand-held anti-personnel grenade launcher RGM-40
Capacitor - self-propelled gun special power SM-54
(shows Kuzkin’s mother to the terminator)
Kochkar - ASU command post tactical formation of the country's air defense forces
(what kind of word is this anyway??? :))
...looked at Yandex "KOCHKAR Novoross. Kachkar Astrakh. unladen, breeding ram" - self-critical!!! :)
Courier - small-sized ICBM RSS-40
(We sent you a note of protest. By courier:))
Lyapis - HF radio receiver R-397LK
(Trubetskoy is not there, I checked. “Gavrila was sitting at the reception. Gavrila was receiving texts...”)
Maria - 30 kt tactical atomic bomb
Metis - ATGM + Mulat - thermal imaging sight for ATGM
(and all this was invented and controlled by a WHITE man :))
Natasha - tactical atomic bomb 8U49
Foundling - 7P24 shot for an under-barrel grenade launcher
(neighing)
Ros - aviation GAS
(Preved to Yarovrat)
Skosok - night vision goggles OVN-1
(for the cross-eyed???)
Traumatism - medical vehicle based on BMD-3

SCIENCE AND MILITARY SECURITY No. 2/2006, pp. 46-49

S.R.GEISTER,

Chief Researcher

Research Institute

Armed Forces The Republic of Belarus,

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor

Basic requirements for modern means ground reconnaissance

The main combat properties that characterize the capabilities of a potential enemy include:

Mobility and maneuverability;

Availability of intelligence information received almost in real time from space-based and air-based means (radar means, electronic reconnaissance and radio reconnaissance means, optical-electronic means);

Accuracy of destruction by land-based (sea-based) and air-based weapons.

Targets in troop groups can be classified as follows:

Class 1 - tracked vehicles;

Class 2 - wheeled vehicles;

Class 3 - people;

Class 4 - aviation technology on the ground (helicopters (anywhere) and airplanes (at airfields)).

Based on their quantitative composition, these classes can be divided into large groups (for example, columns of troops, aviation at airfields), medium groups (for example, battle formations of units) and small groups (units).

The main factors determining effectiveness of fire control and strikes against enemy ground targets are:

Location reconnaissance (including direction of movement), classification and determination of the quantitative composition of an object in real time at ranges that provide the possibility of using fire weapons;

The efficiency of fire impact, determined by the reaction time of combat systems, relative position fire weapons and targets, maneuverability and range of weapons;

Accuracy of targeting of striking elements and their radius of destruction;

Assessing the effectiveness of a strike.

The key element in ensuring the effectiveness of fire destruction is ground reconnaissance means, information from which must meet the following requirements:

Timeliness;

Credibility;

Completeness and accuracy of data.

In addition, when conducting defense in a limited area reconnaissance assets must meet the following requirements:

Stealth;

Low vulnerability;

Ability to operate in enemy-occupied territory.

brief analysis of the state and prospects for the development of existing ground reconnaissance means

The main means of conducting ground reconnaissance at present are:

Radar stations ground artillery reconnaissance(SNAR), located on self-propelled chassis(for example, SNAR-10);

Artillery radar systems(ARK) marks of firing positions (for example, ARK-1, “Zoo”);

Sound-metric complexes (ZMK) for artillery reconnaissance (for example, 1B19, AZK-5);

Portable ground reconnaissance stations (for example, PSNR-5). At the same time, the first three classes of tools provide information

only artillery, and the fourth class - ground forces units in a limited sector.

Ground artillery reconnaissance radar stations. Such stations are designed to conduct reconnaissance of moving ground (surface) targets, as well as serve artillery fire. The main advantages of the SNAR are high mobility, the ability to reconnaissance moving targets and adjust artillery fire in the presence of direct visibility in difficult weather conditions, with smoke and dust. The main disadvantages of the SNAR are its low search capabilities in difficult terrain and wooded areas, the inability to detect (and adjust fire) using stationary (stopped) equipment, as well as low stealth due to the emission of powerful probing signals. The presence of powerful radiation leads to the detection and direction finding of the SNAR by the enemy within a few seconds from the moment the work begins, which entails fire suppression of the SNAR and a nearby artillery unit within a few minutes from the moment the work begins.

Artillery radar systems marking firing positions. These complexes are designed to determine the coordinates of enemy artillery positions by measuring the parameters of the ballistic trajectory of a projectile. The main advantage of the ARC is the speed of obtaining enemy coordinates directly from the position of the artillery unit. The main disadvantage of the ARK (without taking into account the cost and complexity of working in conditions of massive enemy fire) is the emission of powerful sounding signals, which provides the enemy with operational fire suppression of the ARK and artillery unit.

Sound-metric systems for artillery reconnaissance. The main advantage of the ZMK is the absolute secrecy of its operation, which ensures continuous reconnaissance in close proximity to the line of contact between troops. Along with this, ZMK developed before the 80s of the last century have the following disadvantages:

Low efficiency of operation in conditions of combined arms combat (reflected signals, small arms shots, shots from enemy guns and mortars from flank areas, shots from friendly artillery units), in the presence of wind, as well as when the enemy simultaneously uses fire weapons from several points and rapid fire;

Low efficiency of preparing initial data for firing, which allows the enemy (self-propelled artillery installations and missile systems volley fire) escape the retaliatory strike to new firing positions;

Low mobility, long deployment time, which does not meet the conditions of transience and high maneuverability of modern combat operations.

At the same time, with deep modernization, sound measuring systems can become one of the ideal means passive reconnaissance, since the main part of the shortcomings is due to outdated structures for constructing base points and the lack of equipment that implements effective signal processing algorithms in conditions of interference and real-time information a large number goals.

Thus, taking into account the shortcomings inherent in radar equipment, sound-based reconnaissance is practically the only type of reconnaissance to a depth of 10 - 20 kilometers that meets the requirements for secrecy, all-weather capability and continuity of operation in difficult terrain and wooded areas. The priority of this type of reconnaissance, taking into account the rapid development of high-precision weapons operating on radiation sources, will only increase in the next decade.

Portable ground reconnaissance stations. These stations are designed to monitor the movements of troops and military equipment, provide adjustments to the firing of fire weapons, protect borders and facilities, and combat crime and terrorism. PSNR of various classes perform their tasks at short (up to 3 km), short (up to 10 km) and medium (up to 40 km) ranges. The impetus for the development of PSNR was the American-Vietnamese War, during which these stations showed themselves to be an effective means of detecting single and group moving targets in conditions of limited optical visibility. The main disadvantages of the PSNR are the low efficiency of operation in difficult terrain and wooded areas, as well as the inability to detect stationary (stopped) equipment. In addition, in PSNR developed 30 - 40 years ago, there is no possibility of viewing space with automatic detection, tracking and recognition of targets. Currently, more than a hundred types of PSNR and their modifications have been created and put into service, and work on creating new and modernizing existing stations does not stop.

Analysis of existing ground reconnaissance means allows us to do the following: conclusions regarding their development and prospects for application. Firstly, radar reconnaissance means will be developed in the direction of increasing the secrecy of operation and information capabilities, as well as integration with other means. Taking into account the steady growth in the capabilities of electronic reconnaissance means, priority among ground-based radar stations(radar) will occupy PSNR near and short range millimeter range. The main means of reconnaissance of the ground situation (primarily in the interests of the attacking side) to great depths with low optical visibility and in conditions of difficult terrain and wooded areas will be unmanned (low-speed and high-speed) aircrafts, carrying on-board small-sized radars with antenna aperture synthesis. Secondly, when organizing ground defense of territories, important areas and objects, there will be an increase in the use of passive detection means, integrated into network systems at various levels to increase information content.

Eventually, The requirements for modern and especially promising ground reconnaissance means when supporting combat operations of ground forces are most fully met by:

- reconnaissance and signaling devices (RSD), used locally or in the form of network systems and deployed in the operational-tactical zone, in territory occupied by the enemy, or in the contact zone;

Portable small-sized sound-metric systems, used locally or in the form of network systems and deployed in tactical combat zones of friendly and enemy troops, as well as on enemy territory;

Small-sized reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with on-board small-sized radars and optical systems, launched from unprepared positions.

Next, let us turn our attention to the RSP as a means of building a passive ground reconnaissance system that has high secrecy while providing sufficiently complete intelligence information about the location and nature of the actions of enemy troops.

brief analysis of the application and state of development of reconnaissance and signaling devices

Reconnaissance and signaling devices (RSD) began to be developed in the early 50s of the last century ground forces USA. In 1954, RSPs were tested during combat operations in Korea, but were not widely used.

During the Vietnam War in mid-1968, the US Institute of Defense Studies recommended that the Department of Defense prevent the transfer of troops and weapons from Northern Vietnam in Yuzhny to create a system of barriers, called the “McNamara Line” in the press. For the installation and maintenance of the McNamara Line, the 728th Joint Task Force and a special secret group were formed, which was engaged in the development of RSP and had practically unlimited spending capabilities Money. In the course of the work, several types of RSP were created: seismic, seismoacoustic, magnetic, electromagnetic, passive infrared (IR) and gas analyzing. First combat use The RSP took place in January 1968 in the area of the base Marine Corps Khe Sanh, where for the first time RSPs proved their high efficiency. Based on the results of the application, it was argued that the majority of strikes on the attacking forces of North Vietnam (over 500 artillery, several hundred air strikes, including 16 strikes by B-52 aircraft) were carried out according to the detection of RSP. After this, the widespread use of RSP in ground operations began.

American experts believe that a battalion equipped with RSP can monitor an area twice as large in area as the observation area of a battalion that does not have RSP, and their use can reduce losses by 2 to 4 times.

The high efficiency of the RSP gave impetus to equipping US allies with them and the development of similar devices in many developed countries. Currently, there are more than 100 types of radar sensors with different principles for target detection, two thirds of which were developed in the USA. Based on the type of physical field used, these devices are divided into seismic, acoustic, magnetic, electromagnetic, radar, television, thermal imaging, laser, capacitive, gradiometric, hydroacoustic, and contact RSP. To increase the efficiency of exploration, combined RSPs are used (seismomagnetic, seismoelectromagnetic, seismoacoustic, magnetoseismoacoustic).

Control of the enemy's location using reconnaissance and signaling devices

Ground reconnaissance systems built on the basis of RSP can be used to solve the following tasks:

Reconnaissance in areas of expected concentration (movement) of enemy troops;

Reconnaissance of the most likely routes of movement of enemy troops, directions and intensity of their movement;

Control of the most important enemy targets (airfields, commanding heights, bridges, road forks, bases, etc.);

Control of areas of possible landings and areas of river crossings;

Protection of places of deployment of one’s forces, minefields, approaches to bridges, etc.;

Issuing target designations to other reconnaissance forces and assets with greater capabilities;

Security (in combination with other means) of military and important civilian facilities to prevent reconnaissance and sabotage groups and terrorists from entering their territory;

Protection of sections of the state border and separation lines of opposing forces.

An example of controlling an enemy zone using RSP is shown in Fig. 1.

Tinted triangles indicate information cells built on the basis of RSP and having secret radio channels for transmitting data about detected objects. Data from information cells is transmitted to receiving and processing devices located behind the contact line.

Structure of an integrated system for remote ground reconnaissance

The requirements for reconnaissance equipment intended for reconnaissance and information support of combat operations of troops determine the principles for constructing promising remote surveillance systems, the main of which are:

Principle 1 - “secrecy”;

Principle 2 - “completeness of primary sources of information”;

Principle 3 - “distribution in space”.

First principle requires visual and electromagnetic secrecy of system elements. This requirement is best met by small-sized passive RSPs, which are located in the ground or on the surface (in grass, bushes, etc.).

Second principle requires solving problems of detection, coordinate measurement and recognition at the level of primary sources of information (information cell based on RSP, portable
ZMK, reconnaissance UAV). The implementation of this principle allows:

Radically reduce the requirements for data transmission speed in communication lines and, accordingly, increase their secrecy and noise immunity by reducing peak power and increasing the length of the information bit modulation code;

Use the information received at the level of the unit in whose sector of responsibility the primary source of information is located.

Third principle requires the construction of a system based on autonomous primary sources of information (information cells), distributed in space and ensuring the collection of information in the most important local areas that are inaccessible to constant observation. An example of the structure of an information cell based on RSP, intended for use in a ground reconnaissance system, is presented in Fig. 2.

In an information cell that provides surveillance of a ground enemy within a radius of hundreds of meters to several kilometers, it is most advisable to use seismic, acoustic, seismoacoustic, infrared and radar sensors, which autonomously solve enemy location problems and transmit data to a device for receiving and processing information via radio channels, wired or optical channels. Data on targets detected by the information cell:

Broadcast embedded VHF transmitter to the device for receiving and processing information of the 1st level;

They are transmitted to the receiver of a special group, which can be located in close proximity (at a distance of up to several kilometers).

Information cells from RSP sets, sets of small-sized ZMK and small-sized reconnaissance UAVs are combined into a comprehensive system for remote ground reconnaissance, an example of which is presented in Fig. 3.

Such a complex system has the following properties:

- continuity of operation in the combat zone (including enemy territory) at any time of the day;

Availability of obtaining information in real time and at various levels of consumption (special group, unit, unit, etc.);

Non-criticality to failure of individual primary sources of information.

Information from such a system ensures in real time the delivery of targeted strikes against a detected enemy using attack aircraft, helicopters, missile systems volley fire, artillery, as well as special groups and special forces.

Based on the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The main requirements for modern means of remote ground reconnaissance intended for organizing ground defense are timeliness, reliability, completeness and accuracy of the information received, as well as secrecy, low vulnerability and the ability to operate in territory occupied by the enemy. These requirements are most fully met by reconnaissance and signaling devices and portable small-sized sound-metric systems, used autonomously or in the form of networked systems, as well as small-sized reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles with on-board small-sized radars and optical systems, launched from unprepared positions.

2. The greatest efficiency of remote ground reconnaissance is achieved when building a reconnaissance system in the form of autonomous sources of information, combined into a real-time system with access to information at any level. This approach ensures minimization of the time of receipt and use of information both at the unit level and at the level of command and control of ground forces and aviation. This makes it possible to ensure timely strikes against ground enemies.

3. The creation of promising remote ground reconnaissance systems is based on the development of information elements (smart sensors, small-sized sound-metric complexes, small-sized airborne radars with antenna aperture synthesis) and small-sized data transmission devices that meet the requirements of stealth and noise immunity. The real basis for the creation of domestic information elements is the results of the Demeres enterprise, achieved in the development of acoustic and seismo-acoustic sensors for automatic detection and recognition, radar detection sensors, coordinate measurement and recognition with antenna aperture synthesis, and small-sized sound-metric ground reconnaissance complexes.

LITERATURE

1. Barabanov A.D. Improving intelligence in the interests of using high-precision weapons / Military Thought. -2003. -No. 11. -WITH. 28-31.

2. Mosalev V. Remote observation systems for the battlefield based on reconnaissance and signaling devices / Foreign military review. - 2000. - No. 2. - P. 21 - 27.

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More recently, the 5th Motorized Rifle Brigade near Moscow began to master control and communications intelligence complex (KRUS) “Strelets”. The complex is produced at the domestic enterprise Radioavionics. The tested individual complex is a kind of mobile computer. Almost any device can be connected to it.

When creating a network from the data of individual complexes, the unit commander’s computer will display necessary information about subordinates, as well as information received from them about the enemy. To do this, an ordinary soldier only needs to press a couple of buttons and the coordinates of his location or the location of the enemy will appear on the commander’s computer.

The unit commander will be able to easily combine the received data with electronic card area, or with a photograph of a given area received from a satellite. First, such complexes will be received and mastered by military intelligence officers. According to the designers, the Sagittarius complex is practically a mobile personal BIUS.

The Radioavionics enterprise at one time introduced the Strelets KRUS as a means of solving a wide range of information support problems. The Sagittarius complex provides:
— combat control;
— identification of detected objects and calculation of their coordinates;
- target designation;
— development of data for the effective use of personal weapons and means for close combat;

The Strelets complex is interfaced with all Soviet and by Russian means intelligence. In addition, the complex interacts with inclinometers, radars, target designation devices, aiming devices and UAVs.

The complex was put into service in 2007 and is supplied serially. It goes primarily to ground reconnaissance units. The first samples of the complex, after passing various field and combat tests, are sent for revision. Our intelligence officers, having experience in operating foreign analogues “FELIN”, “IdZ-ES” and “Normans”, asked the developers to improve the existing model of the Strelets complex.

First, the base of the first samples was made on the basis of elements from 2000. The designers responded with understanding to the military’s request and the modernized KRUS “Strelets” is being tested. After successful tests, the complex began to be massively provided to ground units. More than one thousand units of the Strelets complex have already entered the Russian Armed Forces.

General designer of the Radioavionics enterprise A. Kaplin, speaking about the Strelets complex, noted that the first KRUS samples were somewhat inconvenient for soldiers - they had a fairly decent weight of 5.4 kilograms, interfered with the serviceman when passing the assault strip, covered access to pouches and first aid kit.

Now, after the modernization, the complex began to weigh 2.4 kilograms, received smaller overall characteristics, and large blocks are attached so as not to interfere with other tasks. On this moment There are no significant comments on the use of the Strelets complex from military personnel of the ground units, where the complexes are mainly supplied.

KRUS "Sagittarius" may have several configuration levels. The simplest configuration option is intended for military personnel of squads, up to the squad commander. The next level of equipment is intended for the platoon commander; the package includes a powerful computer complex with a multifunctional console. The third, most complete level of equipment is for the unit commander - battalion commander, brigade commander.

The interaction range of the complex as part of a department is about 1.5 kilometers, but any of the individual Strelets complexes works as a repeater, which significantly increases the range and information control of a given area. In addition to voice messages, built-in standard commands can be transmitted via radio, and the recipient can view or listen to them after receiving them.

This innovation was introduced specifically to ensure that scouts were not distracted from completing the mission and did not lose visual control. KRUS "Sagittarius" includes an autonomous navigation module, which is provided with an inertial system. It makes it possible for a serviceman to know exactly his coordinates, even if he has left the coverage area of satellite navigation. Switching between navigation systems occurs automatically in the complex.

The complex can be equipped with a helmet-mounted display subsystem for producing fire from cover. For example, when interacting with thermal imager "Shahin", information from it is sent to the serviceman’s indicator, which allows him to conduct accurate and targeted fire without leaving cover.

The complex also includes a “friend or foe” identification subsystem.. The range of the subsystem depends on the characteristics of the mating sighting devices. The subsystem sends a request to an unidentified object, and if the object is “its own,” the serviceman will hear an audio alert in the earpiece. If, after sending the request, the subsystem is “silent”, then the object is defined by the “Sagittarius” complex as “alien”.

When creating a network from the data of individual complexes, the unit commander’s computer will display the necessary information about his subordinates, as well as information about the enemy coming from them. To do this, an ordinary soldier only needs to press a couple of buttons and the coordinates of his location or the location of the enemy will appear on the commander’s computer.

The unit commander will be able to easily combine the received data with an electronic map of the area, or with a photograph of a given area received from a satellite. First, such complexes will be received and mastered by military intelligence officers. According to the designers, the Sagittarius complex is practically a mobile personal BIUS.

The Radioavionics enterprise at one time introduced the Strelets KRUS as a means of solving a wide range of information support problems. The Sagittarius complex provides:
- combat control;
- identification of detected objects and calculation of their coordinates;
- target designation;
- development of data for the effective use of personal weapons and means for close combat;

. The Strelets complex is interfaced with all Soviet and Russian reconnaissance equipment. In addition, the complex interacts with inclinometers, radars, target designation devices, aiming devices and UAVs.

First, the base of the first samples was made on the basis of elements from the 2000s. The designers responded with understanding to the military’s request and the modernized KRUS “Strelets” is being tested. After successful tests, the complex began to be massively provided to ground units. More than one thousand units of the Strelets complex have already entered the Russian Armed Forces.

Now, after the modernization, the complex began to weigh 2.4 kilograms, received smaller overall characteristics, and large blocks are attached so as not to interfere with other tasks. At the moment, there are no significant comments on the use of the Strelets complex from military personnel of the ground units, where the complexes are mainly supplied.

. KRUS "Sagittarius" may have several configuration levels. The simplest configuration option is intended for military personnel of squads, up to the squad commander. The next level of equipment is intended for the platoon commander; the package includes a powerful computer complex with a multifunctional console. The third, most complete level of equipment is for the unit commander - battalion commander, brigade commander.

. The complex also includes a “friend or foe” identification subsystem.. The range of the subsystem depends on the characteristics of the mating sighting devices. The subsystem sends a request to an unidentified object, and if the object is “its own,” the serviceman will hear an audio alert in the earpiece. If, after sending the request, the subsystem is “silent”, then the object is defined by the “Sagittarius” complex as “alien”.

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