Duration of flight in space by Valentina Tereshkova. Valentina Tereshkova - no achievements and complete disappointment. Muslim Magomayev - The girl's name is a seagull

The dream of going to space has not left humanity for centuries. On April 12, 1961, it was destined to come true - Yuri Gagarin made his first flight. After the successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, Sergei Korolev came up with the idea of ​​launching a female cosmonaut into space. This was Valentina Tereshkova, who flew into space on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft.

We want to remember her significant space mission.

Medical examination of Valentina Tereshkova.

The first space flights took place in conditions of fierce competition between the USSR and the USA. Both superpowers worked to ensure that their ships plowed the expanses of the Universe. But, as you know, the palm in this matter belonged to the Soviet Union. After the debut “male” flight, the Americans had only one trump card left - to prepare a “female” flight. But even here the Soviet cosmonauts were ahead of them. As soon as the Country of Soviets received information about the preparation of the American “women’s team,” Nikita Khrushchev personally insisted that a competitive selection be held among Soviet women as well.

There were many contenders for the role of the woman who would be the first to go into space. Such a scale would be the envy of any modern beauty contest: out of 800 participants in the competition, 30 made it to the finals. They began to be prepared for the decisive flight. During the preparation process, the five best candidates were selected, and Valentina Tereshkova was by no means the first in this ranking. In terms of medical indicators, she ranked last.

The girls went through difficult tests: they were placed in extreme high temperatures and into rooms with high humidity, they had to try themselves in zero-gravity conditions and learn to ground themselves on the water by jumping with a parachute (training was needed for landing during the landing of a spacecraft). Psychological testing was also carried out: it was important to understand how comfortable women would be while in space (by the way, Tereshkova’s experience was unique in that she was in space for almost three days alone, all later flights were made by a duo).

The decision about who would fly into space was made personally by Khrushchev. The story of Valentina Tereshkova perfectly fit the ideal of a “girl from the people” who achieved everything through her own labor. Valentina had simple family, she herself was born in a village and worked at a weaving factory, she had never practiced parachute jumping professionally, she had less than 100 jumps in total. In a word, the heroine from the people fully corresponded to the desired ideal.

Tereshkova's spacecraft was launched on June 16, 1963. She flew on the Vostok-6 ship. Valentina Tereshkova can rightfully be called a heroine, since during the flight she faced a huge number of difficulties, but survived all the trials with dignity. The main problem I felt unwell: nausea, lethargy, drowsiness - I had to fight all this. It was even recorded that Valentina stopped responding to requests from Earth: it turned out that she simply fell asleep from overwork. Only Valery Bykovsky, another Soviet cosmonaut who was in orbit at that time, was able to wake her up. There was an internal connection between their ships, through which the astronauts could communicate.

However, the most terrible test, which was kept silent for a long time official authorities, there was a malfunction in the mechanism of Tereshkova’s ship. Instead of landing on Earth, she risked flying into space and dying. Miraculously, Gagarin, who was monitoring the flight, managed to figure out how to correct the situation, and Valentina Tereshkova was still able to return.

Yuri Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova.

Landing in the Altai region turned out to be difficult. Exhausted female astronaut literally fell on her head local residents. Tired and exhausted, she gladly changed into the clothes brought to her, exposing her body, which had turned into a continuous hematoma from the spacesuit, and also tasted peasant food - potatoes, kvass and bread. For this, she later received a reprimand from Sergei Korolev himself, because by doing so she violated the purity of the experiment.

For many years after Valentina Tereshkova’s flight, Soviet women did not go into space - too many difficulties arose during the flight due to “individual characteristics” female body" But the name of the first Soviet female cosmonaut is forever inscribed in world history!

Valentina Tereshkova was born on March 6, 1937 in a peasant family in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo Yaroslavl region. Her father was a tractor driver, her mother was a textile factory worker. Drafted into the Red Army in 1939, Tereshkova's father died in the Soviet-Finnish war.

In 1945, the girl entered high school number 32 in the city of Yaroslavl, from which she graduated from seven classes in 1953. To help her family, in 1954 Tereshkova went to work at a tire factory, while simultaneously enrolling in evening classes at a school for working youth. Continuing to work at the textile mill, from 1955 to 1960 she passed distance learning at the College of Light Industry.

In March 1962, Tereshkova joined the CPSU.

While still working and studying by correspondence at a technical school, the future first female cosmonaut became fascinated by the sky - while studying at a local flying club, she made 163 parachute jumps. However, the girl wanted to fly - and she achieved enrollment in the first female cosmonaut corps, where she, in particular, was taught how to fly an airplane. Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps on March 12, 1962 and remained in it until April 28, 1997.

“The workload of the women’s group of five people was greater than that of the men,” Tereshkova recalled, clarifying that in general the training system in those years was excessively strict. But everyone “had one crazy idea - to get through the training flawlessly at all costs and fly.”

Tereshkova's flight on the Vostok-6 spacecraft in low-Earth orbit together with the Vostok-5 spacecraft, piloted by Valery Bykovsky, lasted two days, 22 hours and 50 minutes.

Colonel Nikolai Kamanin, who was involved in the selection and training of cosmonauts, described Tereshkova’s launch in his book “Hidden Space”.

“The preparation of the rocket, the ship and all maintenance operations went extremely well. In terms of the clarity and coherence of the work of all services and systems, Tereshkova’s launch reminded me of Gagarin’s launch. Like April 12, 1961, June 16, 1963, the flight was prepared and started perfectly. Everyone who saw During the preparation for the launch and the launch of the spacecraft into orbit, Tereshkova, who listened to her reports on the radio, was unanimously told: “She carried out the launch better than Popovich and Nikolaev.” Yes, I am very glad that I was not mistaken in choosing the first female cosmonaut,” notes Kamanin.

“Hey! Heaven, take off your hat,” said Valentina Tereshkova on June 16, 1963, before becoming a legend.

However, the hours spent in space were by no means the happiest in Tereshkova’s life. The flight was extremely risky - medicine did not have accurate data on its possible consequences for the female body.

The designers of the Vostok cabin called it a “tin can” - it was so cramped that the cosmonaut in it, wearing a spacesuit, could hardly move. Almost three days spent in such conditions in orbit by a young woman, although she had passed special training, according to many experts, were indeed a real feat.

“Almost all the time, Valentina was continuously sick and vomiting. But she tried to hold on. Reports were sent to Earth: “I am the Seagull.” The flight is proceeding normally." During the ejection, Tereshkova hit her head on the helmet - she landed with a huge bruise on her cheek and temple. Valentina was almost unconscious. She was urgently transported to a hospital in Moscow. Only in the evening, the luminaries of domestic medicine reported that Tereshkova’s life and health out of danger. The next day, they urgently staged filming for a newsreel: they put Tereshkova in the camera, filmed the extras running towards it. Then one of them opened the lid of the camera. Tereshkova was sitting inside, cheerful, smiling. These shots spread all over the world."

Tereshkova’s dream came true, but the space flight that made her world famous almost ended in tragedy. “There was a miscalculation in the ship - it was oriented in such a way that instead of landing, the orbit was raised, as a result of which I would not have been able to return back to Earth, but I noticed it in time, reported it, the specialists entered the correct data, and I landed.” , - Tereshkova talked about the flight.

After her flight, Valentina Vladimirovna continued to undergo training in the cosmonaut corps, but most of her time began to be occupied by social work. Tereshkova had to make many trips to the cities of the USSR and to many countries of the world.

Simultaneously with work at the Cosmonaut Training Center and active social activities She entered the Military Engineering Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky, from which she graduated with honors in 1969, receiving the specialty of pilot-cosmonaut-engineer.

Since 1968, Tereshkova has been working in Soviet and later Russian public organizations. From 1968 to 1987, she was chairman of the Soviet Women's Committee, and from 1969 to 1987, vice-president of the International Democratic Federation of Women. In 1987-1992, Tereshkova was the chairman of the presidium of the Union Soviet societies friendship and cultural ties with foreign countries. In 1992, she was the chairman of the presidium Russian Association international cooperation, in 1992-1995 - first deputy chairman Russian agency international cooperation and development. Since 1994, Tereshkova worked as the head of the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation (Roszarubezhtsentr). Since April 30, 1997 - retired major general of aviation.

Valentina Tereshkova - candidate of technical sciences, professor, author of more than 50 scientific works, Major General of Aviation, Hero Soviet Union. She was awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of Friendship of Peoples, and medals. Tereshkova was awarded the titles Hero of Socialist Labor of Czechoslovakia, Hero of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Hero of Labor Democratic Republic Vietnam, Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic.

She was also awarded the Frédéric Joliot-Curie Gold Peace Medal, the UN Gold Peace Medal, the K. E. Tsiolkovsky Gold Medal of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the British Society for Interplanetary Communications Gold Medal for Success in Space Exploration, the Space Gold Medal, Order "Rose of the Compass" with diamond International Committee in aeronautics and space flight, the Order of Karl Marx (GDR), Georgiy Dimitrov (Bulgaria), the Grunwald Cross, first class (Poland), the Order of the Banner, first class with diamonds (Hungary), the Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia), the Order of Playa Giron (Cuba) ) and many others.

Tereshkova is an honorary citizen of the cities of Kaluga, Yaroslavl (Russia), Karaganda (Kazakhstan), Vitebsk (Belarus), Montreux (Switzerland), Drancy (France), Montgomery (Great Britain), Polizzi-Generosa (Italy), Darkhan (Mongolia), Sofia , Petrich, Stara Zagora, Pleven, Varna (Bulgaria). A crater on the Moon is named after Tereshkova.

In what year did Valentina Tereshkova, the first female cosmonaut, fly, you will learn from this article.

When did Valentina Tereshkova fly into space?

The first female cosmonaut flew on a spacecraft called Vostok-6 into outer space on June 16, 1963. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft was in orbit, piloted by Valeria Bykovsky. On the day of her flight into space, she told her parents that she was going to a skydiving competition. The real reason They learned of their daughter's departure on the radio.

Valentina Tereshkova How long did the flight last?

The woman had a pretty hard time with the flight - she was constantly feeling sick and vomiting. She steadfastly survived in space for almost three days and made 48 revolutions around the planet. During all this time, as long as Valentina Tereshkova was in space, the cosmonaut took photographs of the horizon and kept a logbook. After her, the woman flew into outer space 19 years later.

The Vostok cabin was very cramped, and the designers called it a tin can. Considering that the astronaut in it was wearing a spacesuit, it was difficult to move in the cabin. Spending 3 days in such conditions is really difficult.

During landing, Valentina Tereshkova ejected unsuccessfully and hit her head on her helmet. She ended up landing with a bruise on her temple and cheek. The woman was unconscious. Therefore, she was urgently sent to the hospital, where after long examinations, doctors declared that there was no threat to her health.

My grandfather, a hereditary peasant with an unfinished school education(the war got in the way), he was an unusually intelligent person. And when I, as a boy, told him about Tereshkova, about the first woman in space and so on, he just snorted contemptuously. He said that a sack of potatoes would have coped with such a flight no worse - they say they stuffed Tereshkova into a rocket like a simple load, launched her into orbit, and that’s all her achievements. And this was not sexism, not disdain for the achievements of women from the man - he spoke about Savitskaya quite respectfully. How did he know such details in the Soviet years - I don’t know, but Dnepropetrovsk in those days was not the last locality from space, perhaps some rumors reached him.
But, like, 80 years and all that... one could pretend that everything is fine, but it doesn’t work out.

Space pioneer Valentina Tereshkova has forever secured her place in the history books. In June 1963, it orbited the Earth 48 times. However, the astronaut was unable to achieve any significant achievements, since during her three-day flight she ignored the instructions of the chief designer of space technology, Sergei Korolev. On March 6, Tereshkova turns 80 years old.

From a propaganda point of view, the flight of “Chaika” - that was Tereshkova’s call sign - was a serious breakthrough. After the launch of the first satellite in 1957, as well as after the flight of Yuri Gagarin in 1961, this achievement managed to deal the US another blow to the US in the struggle for dominance in the world. outer space. However, with scientific point From my point of view, this flight brought only disappointments, and with them - catastrophic consequences for other cosmonaut candidates.

Space sickness and programming errors

Korolev allegedly said in a narrow circle: “With me, there won’t be a single woman in space again.” Moreover, the word “woman” was most likely invented by journalists so that this much more rude phrase could be published at all. The main purpose of Tereshkova’s flight was to study the influence of space environmental conditions on the functioning of the female body, to improve the control system of the Vostok spacecraft, as well as to photograph the Earth and the Moon. In parallel with Tereshkova, Valery Bykovsky flew around the Earth on the Vostok-5 spacecraft.

However, from the very beginning the astronaut had to fight with space sickness, and she, by the way, hid this fact from the ground control team. Tereshkova did not follow instructions for orienting the capsule using the manual control system, did not respond to call signs for hours, did not eat according to the planned diet, and complained of the oppressive cramped conditions in the capsule. She could not take notes because she had broken her pencils in the bustle.

Neglect of prohibitions

In addition, she quickly realized that the flight path of the capsule of her Vostok 6 spacecraft was programmed incorrectly. Only on the second day of the flight did she receive the correct data. If this had not happened, her flight could have ended in disaster, which Tereshkova admitted only ten years later. Korolev allegedly begged her not to talk about this technical error.

In addition, cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky made his flight around the Earth in a lower orbit, so that visual contact between the two spaceships was impossible, and radio communication capabilities were limited.

To the horror of the doctor, Tereshkova, who landed by parachute 620 kilometers northeast of Karaganda (Kazakhstan), distributed her space food to local residents, while she herself ate potatoes with onions and drank kumiss, which was strictly prohibited.

Tereshkova hid a large bruise on her nose, received during a parachute landing, under a thick layer of makeup. The next day, the landing was staged for filming and photography, which subsequently flew around the world.

For Korolev, the problems and malfunctions that arose during Tereshkova’s flight became a pleasant confirmation of his prejudice, which persists in Russia to this day, that women, in fact, have nothing to do in space. That is why the first squad of cosmonauts of the USSR, which included 20 candidates for the first flight into space, the so-called “Gagarin set”, consisted exclusively of men. In the end, only four women astronauts went into space. In the active cosmonaut corps, along with 33 men, there is only one woman, and she is for the sake of justification.

The chief designer of space technology, Sergei Korolev, after Tereshkova’s flight, disbanded the female cosmonaut corps and canceled all planned further flights of women into space. Only in 1982, 16 years after his death, Svetlana Savitskaya made her flight, becoming the second Russian woman in space, in response to the US announcement of plans to send a woman into space in the person of Sally Ride.

Tereshkova goes into politics

After her flight, Tereshkova avoided the press so as not to have to lie. For this she was forced to come to terms with the fame of a cutesy person. She finally found her true calling in politics. Generously awarded, she enjoyed success primarily in the countries of the Eastern Bloc; she graduated, like Gagarin, from the Air Force Engineering Academy. N. E. Zhukovsky and quickly made a career. She became a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and a member of the CPSU Central Committee, head of the Soviet Women's Committee, as well as a member of numerous international associations.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, she headed Russian center international scientific and cultural cooperation. In 1995, Tereshkova became the first woman in Russian history to hold the rank of aviation major general.

"Benefactor" Valentina

In 2008, after two unsuccessful attempts to obtain a mandate as a State Duma deputy for her contribution to the development of social movements, Tereshkova became a deputy regional Duma his hometown of Yaroslavl from the United Russia party, and soon as deputy chairman. Three years later she managed to move to the State Duma in Moscow.

She decisively fights for the interests of her voters - be it gasification in the Yaroslavl region or strengthening the banks of the Volga in the Rybinsk region. Previously, requests were sent to the Central Committee, but today Tereshkova appeals directly to Putin. The President certainly understands what he owes to Tereshkova. Some of the fame of the cosmonautics icon, still very popular in Russia, goes to him too.

450 red roses for the President

Tereshkova herself makes virtually no public statements about Putin and his party. But for Putin’s 64th birthday, she sent him a bouquet of 450 red roses on behalf of all State Duma deputies. Tereshkova thanked the president for his “tireless work” and promised, just like in Soviet times, work with him for the benefit of the people.

Shortly before his death in 2011, Boris Chertok found conciliatory words for Tereshkova. Soviet scientist, throughout for long years Korolev’s former closest ally, hinting at her unsuccessful flight, told her that in “social and state activities” she had achieved “truly cosmic heights.”