Academician Glushko Valentin Petrovich - chief designer of rocket systems: biography, family, awards, memory

Glushko Valentin Petrovich - chief designer OKB-456 of the Ministry of Defense Industry of the USSR ( State Committee Council of Ministers of the USSR for defense technology).

Born on August 21 (September 2), 1908 in the city of Odessa (now Ukraine). Having made a choice life path back in his school years, he corresponded with K.E. Tsiolkovsky, published articles and prepared for publication two books on the need for interplanetary communications. In 1924 he graduated from a vocational school.

In 1925 he entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Leningrad State University, but in February 1929 he was expelled for non-payment of tuition. In April of the same year, he handed over the third part of his diploma project "Metal as an explosive" to the department under the Committee for Inventions. Soon he was summoned to N.Ya. Ilyin, authorized by the Committee in Leningrad, who proposed to begin work on the implementation of this idea.

Since May 1929 - head of the 2nd sector (since 1932 - department) of missiles on liquid fuel Gas Dynamic Laboratory (GDL). During this time, V.P. Glushko developed and tested the liquid-propellant rocket engine (LRE) ORM-52 on nitric acid-kerosene fuel, an electric rocket engine, rockets RLA-1, RLA-3, RLA-100. A huge amount of research work was carried out, which resulted in two courses of lectures delivered in 1933-1934 at the N.E. Zhukovsky Air Force Academy: “Liquid fuel for jet engines” and “LRE design”.

From September 1933 - head of the 1st department of the Leningrad branch of the Rocket Research Institute (RNII), from January 1934 - head of the nitric acid sector of the RNII (since 1937 - NII-3). In 1936-1938 he was the chief designer of a rocket engine. During this period, V.P. Glushko developed the ORM-53 - ORM-101 engines, including the world's first engine designed for human flight (ORM-65).

On March 23, 1938, V.P. Glushko was arrested on a denunciation and on August 15, 1939, was convicted by a Special Meeting under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR as an "enemy of the people" for a period of 8 years under Article 58-7 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (sabotage), with a term in Ukhtizhemlag, however, he was left to work in the technical bureau. In 1939-1940, he was the head of the design group of the 4th Special Department of the NKVD at the Tushino Aviation Plant No. 82. During this time, V.P. Glushko developed: a project for an auxiliary installation of a rocket engine on S-100 and Stal-7 aircraft. In 1940-1944, he was the chief designer of the Design Bureau of the 4th Special Department of the NKVD at the Kazan Aircraft Engine Plant No. 16 for the development of aircraft boosters for the RD-1, RD-1KhZ and RD-2 rocket engines. On August 2, 1944, he was released early from custody with the removal of a criminal record (finally rehabilitated only on September 29, 1956).

From December 1944 - chief designer of OKB-SD. During this period, ground and flight tests of the RD-1 LPRE were carried out on Pe-2R, La-7R, Yak-3 and Su-6 aircraft. A three-chamber nitrogen-acid-kerosene LRE RD-3 with a thrust of 900 kg was developed, official bench tests of the RD-1KhZ LRE with chemical re-ignition were carried out. In 1945 - Head of the Department of Jet Engines of the Kazan Aviation Institute. In July-December 1945 and May-December 1946 he was in Germany, where he studied captured German rocket technology.

From July 1946 to May 1974 he was the chief designer of OKB-456 (now NPO Energomash) in the city of Khimki, Moscow Region. During this time, under the leadership of V.P. Glushko, more than 50 of the most advanced liquid-propellant rocket engines and their modifications on high- and low-boiling oxidizers used on 17 combat and space rockets were created.

For merits in the development of long-range ballistic missiles by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (with the stamp "top secret") of April 20, 1956 Glushko Valentin Petrovich He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

Rocket engines developed under the direction of V.P. Glushko were installed on all Soviet launch vehicles launched in 1949-1976. In particular, the LRE was developed: RD-107 and RD-108 for the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) R-7 (which later became a launch vehicle for spaceships"Vostok" and "Soyuz"), RD-111 for the R-9 ICBM, RD-120 for the R-36M heavy ICBM, RD-119 and RD-214 for the first Soviet missile with a thermonuclear warhead R-12, RD-216 and RD-251 for ballistic missile medium range R-14 (Cosmos launch vehicle) and R-16 intercontinental ballistic missile (Cyclone launch vehicle), RD-253 for heavy ICBM UR-500 (Proton launch vehicle), RD-170 for rocket -carrier "Energy" and RD-171 for the carrier rocket "Zenith".

Behind Active participation in the design and launch of the first spacecraft with a man on board, closed by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 17, 1961, he was awarded the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" (No. 84 / II).

Since May 1974 - Director and General Designer (since June 1977 - General Designer) of NPO Energia in the city of Kaliningrad (now Korolev), Moscow Region. Under the direct supervision of V.P. Glushko, the Salyut-6, Salyut-7 and Mir orbital stations were created. According to his project, the Energia-Buran reusable transport and space system was created. In addition, he led the work on improving the Soyuz manned spacecraft and developing their Soyuz T and Soyuz TM modifications, as well as the Progress cargo spacecraft.

Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1958. Author of 250 publications and inventions.

Colonel engineer (1945). He was awarded 5 Orders of Lenin (04/20/1956, 09/01/1958, 08/30/1968, 09/17/1975, 09/01/1978), Orders of the October Revolution (04/26/1971), Red Banner of Labor (09/16/1945), medals.

Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1957), State Prize of the USSR (1967, 1984). He was awarded the Gold Medal named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958).

Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU since 1976. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 7th-11th convocations (in 1966-1989).

The name of V.P. Glushko named the crater on visible side Luna, streets in Moscow, Kazan, Kaluga and Baikonur, as well as an avenue in Odessa. NPO Energomash bears his name. In 1989, the name "Akademik Glushko" was given to the timber carrier of the Northern Shipping Company. Honorary citizen of the cities of Kaluga (1975), Kazan (1987), Elista, Primorsk ( Leningrad region, 1988), Korolev and Khimki (Moscow region, 1979), Odessa (Ukraine, 1977), Baikonur (Kazakhstan, 1983).

Bronze busts of V.P. Glushko were installed in Odessa and Baikonur, a monument - in Moscow and Khimki. Memorial plaques were installed: in Moscow and Odessa on the houses in which V.P. Glushko lived, as well as in Korolev on the building in which he worked.

Compositions:
The problem of planetary exploitation. 1924 (manuscript);
Rockets, their device and application, M.-L., 1935 (together with G.E. Langemak); Liquid fuel for jet engines. Part 1. M., 1936;
Missile technology. Digest of articles. Issues 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. M.-L., 1937;
Energy sources and their use in rocket technology. M.: Oborongiz, 1949;
Thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of combustion products (in 10 volumes). M. 1971-1974 (chief editor);
Rocket engines GDL-OKB. M., 1975;
Way in rocketry. Selected Works (1924-1946). M.: Mashinostroenie, 1977;
Thermal constants of substances (in 10 volumes). M., 1966-1982 (chief editor);
Thermodynamic properties of individual substances (in 4 volumes). M., 1978-1982 (chief editor);
Encyclopedia "Cosmonautics". M., 1985 (chief editor);
The development of rocket science and astronautics in the USSR. 3rd ed. M., 1987.

Materials for the biography and photo of the Hero provided
Alexander Valentinovich Glushko.

Valentin Petrovich Glushko(Ukrainian Valentin Petrovich Glushko; August 20 (September 2), 1908, Odessa - January 10, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet engineer and scientist in the field of rocket and space technology. One of the pioneers of rocket and space technology, the founder of the Soviet liquid-propellant rocket engine.

Chief designer of space systems (since 1974), general designer of the Energia-Buran reusable rocket and space complex, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958; corresponding member since 1953), laureate of the Lenin Prize, twice laureate of the State Prize of the USSR, twice Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1956, 1961). Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1976-1989).

In 1929-1974, he headed the GDL - OKB, where under his leadership prototypes of the world's first electrothermal rocket engine were created, and starting from 1930, a large number of liquid rocket engines (LRE). Powerful liquid-propellant rocket engines designed by V.P. Glushko were installed on most of the first and second stages of Soviet launch vehicles and many combat missiles; they ensured the launch of the first Soviet artificial Earth satellites into orbit, the flights of Yu. A. Gagarin and other Soviet cosmonauts, the launches of automatic interplanetary stations to the Moon and planets solar system. In 1974-1989, heading NPO Energia as General Designer and being Chairman of the Council of Chief Designers, he carried out general management of the work of numerous enterprises and organizations on key projects related to Soviet manned cosmonautics.

Biography

Years of study

V. P. Glushko was born on August 20 (September 2), 1908 in Odessa, in the family of an employee Peter Glushko. As a child, he showed the ability to music, drawing, studying foreign languages. In 1919, he was enrolled in the Real School named after St. Paul (which was later renamed the IV vocational school "Metal" named after L. D. Trotsky). Simultaneously with his studies at the school (from 1920 to 1922) he studied at the conservatory with Professor Stolyarov in the violin class, and later was transferred to the Odessa Academy of Music. In the same years, Valentin Glushko led the Circle of the Society of Lovers of World Studies at the Odessa branch of the Russian Society of Lovers of World Studies (ROLM); in 1924 the circle had 120 members.

In the spring of 1921, Valentin Glushko read several novels by Jules Verne; the novels From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon made a particularly strong impression on him. He began to study books on astronomy - in particular those written by Camille Flammarion and Hermann Klein.

From 1923 to 1930 he was in correspondence with K. E. Tsiolkovsky. In March 1924, schoolboy Valentin Glushko wrote to Tsiolkovsky: "... interplanetary communications are my ideal and the goal of my life, which I want to devote to this great cause." Loyalty given promise Glushko retained throughout his life.

In 1924, Glushko received a diploma from a vocational school. This year he is finishing work on the first edition of his book The Problem of Exploitation of the Planets; published in periodicals popular science articles dedicated to space flights: "Conquest of the Moon by the Earth" (1924), "Station outside the Earth" (1926), etc.

On a ticket from the People's Commissariat for Education of the Ukrainian SSR in 1925 he was sent to study in the Leningrad State University. Simultaneously with his studies, he worked in the workshops of the Scientific Institute named after P.F. Lesgaft as a worker, and in 1927 as a surveyor of the Main Geodetic Directorate of Leningrad. In the spring of 1929, V.P. Glushko prepared his thesis, in which he proposed the project of the interplanetary ship "Helio-rocketplane". This ship was supposed to use solar energy; generated electricity it was sent to the combustion chambers of engines, where, under the influence of strong electrical discharges, a thermal explosion occurred of the working substance supplied to the chambers - solid (metal wires) or liquid (mercury or electrically conductive solutions); calculations showed that in this case, a many times higher speed of the expiration of the working substance was provided than with chemical reactions. On April 18, 1929, Glushko handed over to the department under the Committee for Inventions the third part of this work, which was called "Metal as an Explosive" and was devoted to an electric rocket engine (EP) of a rocket plane, after which he was asked to begin experimental work on the practical implementation of this engine.

Academician
Valentin Petrovich Glushko

Academician V.P. Glushko (1908-1989) - the founder of the domestic rocket engine building, one of the pioneers and creators of rocket and space technology.

Valentin Petrovich Glushko- an outstanding scientist in the field of rocket and space technology, one of the pioneers of astronautics, the founder of the domestic liquid-propellant rocket engine.

VP Glushko was born in Odessa on September 2, 1908. During his school years he was fond of astronomy and organized a circle of young amateurs at the Odessa Astronomical Observatory. The first publication by VP Glushko was called "Conquest of the Moon by the Earth". The results of his observations of the meteor shower in January 1924, sketches of Venus, Mars and Jupiter, made from his own observations, were published in 1924 and 1925. in publications Russian Society amateurs of world studies (ROML).

At the same time, V.P. Glushko became interested in the idea of ​​space flights and from 1923 he corresponded with K.E. Tsiolkovsky.

V.P. Glushko in the years of work at the Jet Research Institute (RNII). Moscow. 1934

In 1925 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Leningrad University. The topic of the thesis was the project of an electric rocket engine (EP). From 1929 to 1933, he worked at the Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL) of the Military Research Committee under the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, where he formed a unit for the development of electric propulsion engines, rocket engines and liquid fuel rockets. In 1931 - 1933 under the leadership of V.P. Glushko, the first domestic liquid rocket engines - ORM (experimental jet engine) were developed. In 1933, the world's first Jet Research Institute (RNII) was organized. The unit, led by V.P. Glushko, continued to work as part of the RNII, where the most significant result was the creation of the ORM-65 rocket engine, intended for the RP-318 rocket plane and the 212 cruise missile designed by S.P. Korolev.

ORM-65 is a liquid-propellant rocket engine created by V.P. Glushko in the 30s for installation on the RP-318 rocket plane and the 212 cruise missile designed by S.P. Korolev.

During the period of Stalinist repressions, V.P. Glushko was arrested on March 23, 1938 and, on the basis of a case fabricated by the NKVD, was sentenced to 8 years in the camps (in 1939). In conclusion, V.P. Glushko worked on the creation of aircraft jet boosters. For the successful completion of these works in 1944, V.P. Glushko and his employees were released with the removal of a criminal record. V.P. Glushko was rehabilitated only in 1955.

In 1945, V.P. Glushko, with a group of specialists, was sent to Germany to get acquainted with captured rocket technology. Starting from 1947, in OKB-456 (in the city of Khimki near Moscow), led by V.P. Glushko, a series of rocket engines of the original design was created.

Engines RD-107 and RD-108, created in the Design Bureau of V.P. Glushko, were installed on the first intercontinental missile R-7 (1957), on launch vehicles that launched artificial Earth and Moon satellites into orbit, launched automatic stations to the Moon, Venus and Mars, launched the Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz manned spacecraft.

LRE RD-108 - engine of the second stage of the R-7 rocket and launch vehicles Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz. Engines RD-107 and RD-108, created in the design bureau of V.P. Glushko, were installed on the first and second stages of these launch vehicles. They provided humanity with a breakthrough into space and today continue to contribute to the implementation of the Russian space program.

Engines of the new type RD-253 designed by V.P. Glushko were installed on the first stage of the Proton launch vehicle, which has three times the payload capacity of the Soyuz rocket.

V.P. Glushko with cosmonauts Yu.A. Gagarin and P.R. Popovich in his office. 1963

V.P. Glushko with cosmonauts Yu.A. Gagarin and P.R. Popovich in his office. 1963

The RD-253 liquid-propellant rocket engine, created in the design bureau of V.P. Glushko, is the engine of the first stage of the Proton launch vehicle.

Launch vehicle "Proton" at the launch site of the cosmodrome.

With the help of the Proton rocket in the second half of the 60s and in the 70s, heavy research satellites of the Earth and automatic stations for the study of the Moon, Venus and Mars were launched, including a flyby of the Moon with the return of the spacecraft to Earth, delivery from Lunar samples of lunar soil and delivery of the first lunar rovers to the Moon.

VP Glushko in his office. On the bookshelf - hand-drawn original fragment " Full map Moon" (the region of the crater Copernicus), which was presented to Valentin Petrovich by the Department of Physics of the Moon and Planets of the SAI on his 60th birthday (1968).

VP Glushko paid great attention to the scientific content of research carried out with the help of space technology created under his leadership. Great importance he gave to the exploration of the solar system. With his active support, the SAI of Moscow State University, together with specialized cartographic organizations, managed to prepare several editions of lunar maps and globes of the Moon.

V.P.Glushko and Chairman of the State Commission K.A.Kerimov with women-cosmonauts V.L.Ponomareva, V.V.Tereshkova and T.D.Kuznetsova in the demonstration hall (1968). In the center of the table is a globe of the Moon, prepared in the SAI (1967 edition). To the left and below you can see the very first globe of the Moon (1961 edition), on which about a third of the surface is occupied by a white, empty sector, corresponding to that part of the lunar ball that was not photographed during the first satellite imagery of the Moon in 1959.

Business note by V.P. Glushko, attached to the materials sent to Yu.N. Lipsky, Head of the Department of Physics of the Moon. V.P. Glushko interacted with the Department of Physics of the Moon and Planets of SAISH constantly. 1970

V.P. Glushko presents the medal of the 40th anniversary of the GDL-OKB to the head of the department of the enterprise M.R. Gnesin (1969). In the background, next to the models of jet engines, there is a globe of the Moon, prepared at the SAI (1967), from the personal collection of V.P. Glushko.

In 1974, V.P. Glushko was appointed general designer of the Research and Production Association "Energia", which united the design bureau founded by V.P. Glushko and the design bureau previously led by S.P. Korolev. Along with the ongoing launches of orbital stations and spacecraft under the leadership of V.P. Glushko, NPO Energia, on his initiative, began the development of a new space-rocket system Energia with a payload capacity of more than 100 tons.

Among other tasks, the Energiya superheavy carrier, according to the plan of V.P. Glushko, was intended to provide manned flights to the Moon and create a long-term habitable base on the lunar surface. The Department of Moon and Planetary Research of the SAI was involved by V.P. Glushko for the scientific support of the project of a manned lunar base. Within the framework of the agreement between NPO Energia and the SAI, for a number of years, work has been carried out on the scientific justification for choosing a base site on the lunar surface. This collaboration lasted almost 15 years.

The inscription made by V.P. Glushko on his book

The inscription made by V.P. Glushko on his book, presented by him to the head of the Department of Lunar and Planetary Studies of the SAI V.V. Shevchenko (1978). Cooperation between the staff of the Department and NPO Energia, headed by V.P. Glushko, entered a new active phase at that time.

In progress joint work the leadership of the Department often had requests to V.P. Glushko for assistance in this or that issue. Valentin Petrovich was invariably attentive and friendly. None of his appeals went unanswered. In this case, his telephone conversation, as a rule, began with a joking phrase: "Vladislav Vladimirovich, I am reporting to you ..."

A sign of attention was the regular celebratory greetings.

The world's most powerful LRE RD-170 was created for the new launch vehicle. The first launch of the Energia rocket took place on May 15, 1987. In November 1988, the Energia-Buran rocket and space system was launched with the return and landing of the Buran orbital ship in automatic mode.

Academician, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize

Have you ever thought about the contribution of the South of Ukraine to the national cosmonautics? The city of Nikolaev is proud of Konstantinov and Ryumin, Odessa is proud of Korolev and Glushko, Shonin and Dobrovolsky. In our wonderful city, which is somehow especially loved in Ukraine and distinguished from other wonderful cities, Korolev spent his youth, Glushko was born here.

Valentin Petrovich Glushko is a prominent scientist in the field of physical and technical problems of energy, academician, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the State and Lenin Prizes, one of the largest specialists in the field of rocket technology. V. Glushko is the founder of domestic rocket engine building, the designer of the world's first electrothermal engine and the first serial domestic rocket engines.

Sergey lived on the Platonovsky Mole in the port, Valentin lived on Olgievskaya Street. It is unlikely that they met somewhere, in any case, neither one nor the other remembers such a meeting, and there is also a difference in age: Valentin was two whole years younger, in childhood this is a huge difference. Yes, and the aspirations of these two Odessa boys were different: Sergei was fond of aviation, Valentin - astronomy. Now it will seem strange, but in those years the idea of ​​space flight was closer to astronomers than to aviators. Astronautics was more likely to be drawn as the future of astronomy than aviation. Maybe that's why young queen it did not occur to me to write a letter to Tsiolkovsky.

And Glushko wrote. “Dear K. E. Tsiolkovsky! - wrote 15-year-old Valentine. - I am turning to you with a request and I will be very grateful if you fulfill it. This request concerns a project for interplanetary and interstellar travel. The latter has been of interest to me for more than two years. Therefore, I read a lot of literature on this topic.

I got a more correct direction by reading Perelman's excellent book Interplanetary Travel. But I felt the demand already in the calculations. Without any help, completely on my own, I began to calculate. But suddenly I managed to get your article in the journal "Scientific Review" (May 1903) - "The study of world spaces by jet devices." But this article is very short. I know that there is an article with the same title, published separately and more detailed - that's what I was looking for and what is my request to you.

A separate article "Investigation of world spaces with reactive devices" and also your essay "Out of the Earth" not only forced me to write you a letter, but also very much and very important issues, the answer to which I would like to hear from you ... ".

Tsiolkovsky answered the Odessa schoolboy, sent him his books, asking how seriously he takes his passion for astronautics. Joyful Valentine immediately replied:

“Regarding how interested I am in interplanetary communications, I will only tell you that this is my ideal and the purpose of my life, which I want to devote to this great cause ...”.

Active people and in childhood active people. They do not argue: "I'll grow up and show myself." They immediately begin to show themselves. Silly is an excellent student. Works at the observatory in the youth circle at the Odessa branch of the Russian Society of Lovers of the World (ROLM), conducts observations of Mars, Venus, Jupiter. He organizes a chemical laboratory at home, sets up experiments with explosives (I cannot recommend these experiments to readers: the thing is dangerous and Valentin may not be on the list of merits), collects books on explosives. He builds a model of a space rocket according to his drawings. Takes painting lessons. He studies music first at the Odessa Conservatory, then at the Odessa Academy of Music. Writes and publishes notes on the problems of interplanetary flights in newspapers and magazines.

"In 1924 I graduated high school- recalled Valentin Petrovich. - At the final exams, I was pleasantly surprised to learn that I was exempted from the exam in physics. To obtain a certificate of completion, I went through almost six months of practice (until the end of 1924), working first as a locksmith, then as a turner at the Odessa Electrometal Valve Plant named after Lenin. In very difficult, cold, hungry years, sounded by bullets, he is in constant physical and mental movement, in childhood, youth, and then in adult work, he sets himself a high pace of life, actively expanding the horizons of his knowledge, intellect and strength. Makes himself. And when in the summer of 1925 Valentin arrives in Leningrad and enters the university, he already knows for sure why he came, what he will do next. He meets Ya. I. Perelman, reads books by K. Tsiolkovsky, G. Oberth, R. Esno-Peltri, R. Goddard, V. Goman. Y. Kondratyuk. In the journal Science and Technology, 35 years before the flight of the world's first Salyut orbital station, the eighteen-year-old Glushko published an article "Station outside the Earth" and, predicting the program for future flights of such stations, writes that "not only astronomy and meteorology will be enriched with valuable contributions and the broadest horizons of new research. All natural sciences will find themselves in the same position. Is it surprising that the first theoretical work of a graduate of Leningrad State University "Metal as an explosive" is approved by expert scientists, and Tikhomirov invites Valentin Petrovich to the State Duma?

Glushko called his memoirs “The Way in Rocket Engineering”. This long journey was not always easy and festive. There were potholes of failures, and potholes of disappointments, and pits of cruel injustice. But it was always the straight path. From that clear, clean spring morning, when he arrived in Lesnoye near Leningrad, where "Papa Ioffe" set aside a room for him in his high-voltage laboratory, from that very May morning in 1929, Valentin Petrovich Glushko was always engaged in one thing - rocket engines, becoming the largest the world's preeminent authority in this field of rocketry.

Well, then he did not look like an academic at all. A thin, neat young man, in a tie, in an ironed shirt with a collar, the corners of which, in the fashion of that time, were pulled together with a metal cufflink, modest, quiet, well-mannered, attracts the attention of those around him with incredible perseverance and perseverance in work. For old man Tikhomirov, ERD is an end in itself, for Glushko it is a means to an end. And the goal is space flight. Calculations show, and he sees it in experiments, that an electric rocket engine has a limited thrust, it cannot launch a manned spacecraft into space. EJE is secondary, because it is an engine of weightlessness, but you must first get into weightlessness. When you are 21 years old, and you yourself came up with something that no one thought of doing before you, and “something” is accepted and approved by scientific authorities, and you were given funds, people, premises, equipment, so that you would improve your idea, it is very difficult to say to yourself: “No, my ERD is not the main thing now. Perhaps I started from the end. Space technology needs something else.” It was not easy to say, but Valentine said it to himself. “It became clear to me,” Academician Glushko recalled, “that with all the promise, we will need an electric propulsion engine only at the next stage of space exploration, and in order to penetrate into space, we need liquid propulsion engines, about which Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky wrote so much. Since the beginning of 1930, I have focused on the development of precisely these motors ... ".

Everything was new to him then and there was no one to teach him. Tsiolkovsky wrote about LRE, but he has neither calculations of thermal processes, nor drawings, much less designs. Zander is a staunch supporter of rocket engines, and his approach to them is engineering, concrete. But he is too keen on his idea of ​​afterburning in engines of metal structures, and this problem is incredibly difficult in terms of its design design, and Zander's stubbornness unwittingly slows down all work. Very quickly, in the first year or two of work, Valentin understands that the problem of LRE is not just some unknown fortress of technology that can be taken by attack, by a frontal attack. Rather, it is a whole defensive line. The general problem is divided into a number of separate problems, solving which one can consistently, in the end, build a liquid-propellant rocket engine, as the rocket engine was then called.

But, perhaps, the hardest nut to crack in the riddles of rocket engines is the problem of engine cooling. The higher the temperature in the combustion chamber, the more efficient and powerful the rocket engine works. But high temperature do not withstand the metals of the structure. Engineering intuition eventually tells you that no materials will survive. It is necessary to follow a completely different path: to resort to dynamic cooling of the engine: to remove heat from it, as water removes the heat of an automobile engine. But water is not suitable here ..... Then he still does not represent the whole complexity of the task facing him, he does not know that he will have to fight all his life with these monstrous heat flows, that a whole branch in the science of heat transfer will arise in this struggle - theory cooling liquid rocket engines and that, apparently, the end of this struggle, despite all the technical power of our space age, will never be seen.

Silently designs engines, tests them, burns them, blows them up, sometimes comes to a standstill, quickly understands this, returns and goes further, step by step goes to perfection. He believes that it is achievable; in technical reports, where any hint of emotion has long been considered almost a sign of bad taste, he calls LRE - "engines of advanced technology." The second sector, headed by Valentin Petrovich, creates a whole series of experimental rocket motors. The first one is quite primitive, with a cylindrical nozzle, water-cooled, with a thrust of only 20 kilograms. But the next one is something better.

In 1937, during the mass repressions, the creators and leaders of the Jet Research Institute, which arose on the basis of the GDL, were arrested and shot. In March 1938, Glushko was also arrested and sentenced to eight years. Even then, design bureaus began to be created in prisons, which were called "sharashki". In one of them, Glushko continued his research. Only in July 1944, he and a group of comrades were released ahead of schedule for the creation of the RD-1 engine.

Then there will be more engines for combat missiles, the first liquid-propellant rocket engine operating in a closed circuit with afterburning of generator gas, the RD-170 oxygen-kerosene engine for the super-powerful Energia launch vehicle, which has no equal in the world.

In 1957, by decision of the Higher Attestation Commission, Glushko was awarded the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences without defending a dissertation. In 1958 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Until 1988, under the leadership of V.P. Glushko, more than 50 of the most advanced liquid-propellant rocket engines and their modifications on high- and low-boiling oxidizers were created, used on 17 combat and space rockets.

With the appointment in 1974 of the director and general designer of NPO Energia, Glushko began to play one of the main roles in determining the paths for the development of manned cosmonautics. Under his leadership, the long-term station "Mir" and the unique system "Energy" - "Buran" were created. In addition, he led the work on improving the Soyuz manned spacecraft and developing their Soyuz T and Soyuz TM modifications, as well as the Progress cargo spacecraft, improving the Salyut orbital stations, implementing the manned flight program, including including international ones. All this was aimed at the realization of the main dream - the flight of man to other planets.

For his many years of activity, V.P. Glushko was twice awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, awarded five Orders of Lenin, Orders of the October Revolution, Orders of the Red Banner of Labor and many medals. He is a laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes. He was elected a deputy of the Supreme Council of 7-11 convocations, a delegate of the XXI-XXVII congresses of the CPSU and a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1994, by decision XXII General Assembly International Astronomical Union named after V.P. Glushko a crater on the visible reserved side of the Moon.

222 scientific works were published by V.P. Glushko, but the very first one was written and published back in Odessa, in 1924, in a newspaper that could not resist the pressure young man, which proved that with this article the city would enter world history. And so it happened. But how it was necessary to believe in yourself, in your strength, in the ideas of Tsiolkovsky!

“In Odessa there is some kind of ferment of life. I remember, - said Glushko, - after some of the solemn receptions in the Kremlin, Zhora Dobrovolsky came up to me and said: "Valentin Petrovich, according to our passport we are Muscovites, but we must never forget that Odessa sent us here." Glushko remembered these words when Dobrovolsky repeated in his (who could then guess that it was his last?) interview, the phrase that had spread all over the world: “Odessa will not forget us!”.

The cosmonauts called Glushko "the god of fire", because the power of the engine of the second stage, which lifted Yuri Gagarin in the "Vostok", is equal to the power of ... Dneproges. In 1934, Sergei Korolev wrote: “The focus is on the rocket engine!” And as if reading this entry, Valentin Glushko undertook to develop the design of the motor. And he did what no one else could do before him.

January 10, 1989 Valentin Petrovich Glushko, full of creative ideas, passed away. In his will, he ordered to donate to the State Art Gallery of Odessa the paintings he had acquired in 1957 for the Lenin Prize. This wonderful Odessa citizen is buried on Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow. A beautiful avenue is named after him in his native city, on which stands a monument to the famous designer.

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, Odessa - January 10, Moscow) - engineer, a prominent Soviet scientist in the field of rocket and space technology; one of the pioneers of rocket and space technology; founder of domestic liquid rocket engine building.

Chief Designer of Space Systems (s), General Designer of the Energiya-Buran reusable rocket and space complex, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and the USSR Academy of Sciences, (; Corresponding Member of the USSR), full member of the International Academy of Aeronautics, member of the CPSU since 1956, deputy of the Council Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 7th-11th convocations from the Kalmyk ASSR, laureate of the Lenin Prize, twice laureate of the State Prize of the USSR, twice Hero of Socialist Labor (,). Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1976-1989).

Biography

Later career

In December 1944, he was appointed chief designer of OKB-SD (Experimental Design Bureau of Special Engines), Kazan. In 1944-1945, ground and flight tests of the RD-1 LPRE were carried out on Pe-2 R, La-7, Yak-3 and Su-6 aircraft. A three-chamber nitric acid-kerosene LRE RD-3 with a thrust of 900 kg is being developed, official bench tests of the LRE RD-1KhZ with chemical re-ignition have been carried out.

From July to December 1945 and from May to December 1946, Glushko is in Germany, where he studies captured German rocketry (mainly V-2) at the Institute "".

Later, under the leadership of Glushko, powerful liquid-propellant rocket engines were developed on low-boiling and high-boiling fuels, which are used in the first stages and in most of the second stages of Soviet launch vehicles and many combat missiles. An incomplete list includes: RD-107 and RD-108 for the Vostok launch vehicle, RD-119 and RD-253 for the Proton launch vehicle, RD-301, RD-170 for Energia (the most powerful rocket engine in the world) and many other.

Criticism

Memories of Glushko

Two officers entered my office: I immediately recognized the colonel - it was Valentin Petrovich Glushko, and the other - lieutenant colonel - briefly introduced himself: "List". Both were not in military tunics, riding breeches and boots, but in good tunics and well-pressed trousers.

Glushko smiled a little and said: “Well, it seems we have already met.” So, I remember the meeting in Khimki. Nikolai Pilyugin came in and I introduced him as the institute's chief engineer. He offered to sit down and drink tea or "something stronger." But Glushko, without sitting down, apologized and said that he first asked for urgent car assistance:

We are driving from Nordhausen, the car pulled very badly and smoked a lot. In the cabin, we were choking on smoke. You say you have good specialists in "reparation".

Nikolai Pilyugin went up to the window and said:

Yes, it still smokes. Did you turn off the motor?

No need to worry. It's the handbrake pads burning out. We drive from Nordhausen with the handbrake applied.

Pilyugin and I were dumbfounded:

So why didn't you let him go?

You see, Valentin Petrovich set me a condition that if he was driving, I did not dare to suggest anything to him.

• Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961).
• Order of Lenin (1956, 1958, 1961, 1968, 1978).
• Jubilee medal "For Valiant Labor. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970).
• Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945" (1975).
• Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (1985).
• Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (1945).
• USSR State Prize (1967, 1984).
• Gold medal to them. K. E. Tsiolkovsky Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958).
• Diploma to them. Paul Tissandier (FAI) (1967).
• Honorary citizen of the city of Korolev.

Memory

A street in the city of Khimki, Moscow Region, is named after Glushko

A street in the city of Kazan in the Sovetsky district is named after Glushko.

A street in Baikonur is named after Glushko.

Gymnasium No. 72 in Krasnodar is named after Glushko

Aeroflot aircraft bears the name of V. Glushko

In cinema

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Notes

Links

Site "Heroes of the Country".

• on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Literature

• - B. E. Chertok, M: "Engineering", 1999, - ISBN 5-217-02942-0;
• - Ya. K. Golovanov, M: "Science", 1994, - ISBN 5-02-000822-2;
• A. I. Ostashev, "SERGEY PAVLOVICH KOROLEV - THE GENIUS OF THE XX CENTURY" lifetime personal memories of Academician S. P. KOROLEV - 2010 M. GOU VPO MGUL ISBN 978-5-8135-0510-2.
• "Coast of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A.S., Kiev, 2014, Phoenix publishing house, ISBN 978-966-13-6169-9
• "WITH. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity "- edited by V. A. Lopota, RSC Energia named after. S. P. Koroleva, 2014 ISBN 978-5-906674-04-3

An excerpt characterizing Glushko, Valentin Petrovich

- Let's go, father. They deigned to leave at Vespers yesterday,” said Mavra Kuzmipisna affectionately.
The young officer, standing at the gate, as if hesitant to enter or not to enter, clicked his tongue.
“Oh, what a shame!” he said. - I wish yesterday ... Oh, what a pity! ..
Mavra Kuzminishna, meanwhile, carefully and sympathetically looked at the familiar features of the Rostov breed in the face of a young man, and the tattered overcoat, and worn-out boots that were on him.
Why did you need a count? she asked.
– Yeah… what to do! - the officer said with annoyance and took hold of the gate, as if intending to leave. He again hesitated.
– Do you see? he suddenly said. “I am related to the count, and he has always been very kind to me. So, you see (he looked at his cloak and boots with a kind and cheerful smile), and he wore himself, and there was nothing; so I wanted to ask the count ...
Mavra Kuzminishna did not let him finish.
- You could wait a minute, father. One minute, she said. And as soon as the officer released his hand from the gate, Mavra Kuzminishna turned and with a quick old woman's step went to the backyard to her outbuilding.
While Mavra Kuzminishna was running towards her, the officer, lowering his head and looking at his torn boots, smiling slightly, walked around the yard. “What a pity that I did not find my uncle. What a nice old lady! Where did she run? And how can I find out which streets are closer for me to catch up with the regiment, which should now approach Rogozhskaya? thought the young officer at that time. Mavra Kuzminishna, with a frightened and at the same time resolute face, carrying a folded checkered handkerchief in her hands, came out around the corner. Before reaching a few steps, she, unfolding her handkerchief, took out of it a white twenty-five-ruble note and hastily gave it to the officer.
- If their excellencies were at home, it would be known, they would, for sure, by kindred, but maybe ... now ... - Mavra Kuzminishna became shy and confused. But the officer, without refusing and without haste, took the paper and thanked Mavra Kuzminishna. “As if the count were at home,” Mavra Kuzminishna kept saying apologetically. - Christ be with you, father! God save you, - said Mavra Kuzminishna, bowing and seeing him off. The officer, as if laughing at himself, smiling and shaking his head, ran almost at a trot through the empty streets to catch up with his regiment to the Yauzsky bridge.
And Mavra Kuzminishna stood for a long time with wet eyes in front of the closed gate, shaking her head thoughtfully and feeling an unexpected surge of maternal tenderness and pity for the unknown officer.

In the unfinished house on Varvarka, at the bottom of which there was a drinking house, drunken screams and songs were heard. There were about ten factory workers sitting on benches by the tables in a small, dirty room. All of them, drunk, sweaty, with cloudy eyes, tensing up and opening their mouths wide, sang some kind of song. They sang apart, with difficulty, with an effort, obviously not because they wanted to sing, but only to prove that they were drunk and walking. One of them, a tall blond fellow in a clean blue coat, stood over them. His face, with a thin, straight nose, would have been beautiful, if not for thin, pursed, constantly moving lips and cloudy, frowning, motionless eyes. He stood over those who were singing, and, apparently imagining something, solemnly and angularly waved over their heads a white hand rolled up to the elbow, whose dirty fingers he unnaturally tried to spread out. The sleeve of his chuyka was constantly going down, and the fellow diligently rolled it up again with his left hand, as if there was something especially important in the fact that this white sinewy waving arm was always naked. In the middle of the song, shouts of a fight and blows were heard in the hallway and on the porch. The tall fellow waved his hand.
- Sabbath! he shouted commandingly. - Fight, guys! - And he, without ceasing to roll up his sleeve, went out onto the porch.
The factory workers followed him. The factory workers, who were drinking in the tavern that morning, led by a tall fellow, brought leather from the factory to the kisser, and for this they were given wine. The blacksmiths from the neighboring smithies, having heard the revelry in the tavern and believing that the tavern was broken, wanted to break into it by force. A fight broke out on the porch.
The kisser was fighting the blacksmith at the door, and while the factory workers were leaving, the blacksmith broke away from the kisser and fell face down on the pavement.
Another blacksmith rushed through the door, leaning on the kisser with his chest.
The fellow with his sleeve rolled up on the move still hit the blacksmith, who was rushing through the door, in the face and shouted wildly:
- Guys! ours are being beaten!
At this time, the first blacksmith rose from the ground and, scratching the blood on his broken face, shouted in a weeping voice:
- Guard! Killed!.. They killed a man! Brothers!..
- Oh, fathers, killed to death, killed a man! screeched the woman who came out of the next gate. A crowd of people gathered around the bloodied blacksmith.
“It wasn’t enough that you robbed the people, took off your shirts,” said a voice, turning to the kisser, “why did you kill a man? Robber!
The tall fellow, standing on the porch, with cloudy eyes led first to the kisser, then to the blacksmiths, as if thinking with whom he should now fight.
- Soulbreaker! he suddenly shouted at the kisser. - Knit it, guys!
- How, I tied one such and such! the kisser shouted, brushing aside the people who had attacked him, and tearing off his hat, he threw it on the ground. As if this action had some mysteriously menacing significance, the factory workers, who surrounded the kisser, stopped in indecision.
- I know the order, brother, very well. I'll go private. Do you think I won't? No one is ordered to rob anyone! shouted the kisser, raising his hat.
- And let's go, you go! And let's go ... oh you! the kisser and the tall fellow repeated one after another, and together they moved forward along the street. The bloodied blacksmith walked beside them. Factory workers and strangers followed them with a voice and a cry.
At the corner of Maroseyka, opposite a large house with locked shutters, on which there was a sign for a shoemaker, about twenty shoemakers, thin, weary people in dressing gowns and tattered chuikki, stood with sad faces.
"He's got the people right!" said a thin artisan with a thin beard and furrowed brows. - Well, he sucked our blood - and quit. He drove us, drove us - all week. And now he brought it to the last end, and he left.
Seeing the people and the bloody man, the artisan who spoke fell silent, and all the shoemakers joined the moving crowd with hasty curiosity.
- Where are the people going?
- It is known where, to the authorities goes.
- Well, did our strength really not take it?
- How did you think? Look what the people are saying.
There were questions and answers. The kisser, taking advantage of the increase in the crowd, lagged behind the people and returned to his tavern.
The tall fellow, not noticing the disappearance of his enemy the kisser, waving his bare hand, did not stop talking, thus drawing everyone's attention to himself. The people mainly pressed against him, assuming from him to obtain permission from all the questions that occupied them.
- He show the order, show the law, the authorities have been put on that! Is that what I say, Orthodox? said the tall fellow, smiling slightly.
- He thinks, and there are no bosses? Is it possible without a boss? And then rob it is not enough of them.
- What an empty talk! - echoed in the crowd. - Well, they will leave Moscow then! They told you to laugh, and you believed. How many of our troops are coming. So they let him in! For that boss. There, listen to what the people are doing, - they said, pointing to a tall fellow.
At the wall of China Town, another small group of people surrounded a man in a frieze overcoat, holding paper in his hands.
- Decree, decree read! Decree read! - was heard in the crowd, and the people rushed to the reader.
A man in a frieze overcoat was reading a poster dated August 31st. When the crowd surrounded him, he seemed to be embarrassed, but at the demand of the tall fellow who squeezed his way up to him, with a slight trembling in his voice, he began to read the poster from the beginning.
“Tomorrow I’m going early to the most serene prince,” he read (brightening! - solemnly, smiling with his mouth and frowning his eyebrows, repeated the tall fellow), “to talk with him, act and help the troops exterminate the villains; we will also become a spirit from them ... - the reader continued and stopped (“Did you see it?” - the small one shouted triumphantly. - He will unleash the whole distance for you ...”) ... - eradicate and send these guests to hell; I’ll come back for dinner, and we’ll get down to business, we’ll do it, we’ll finish it and finish off the villains. ”
The last words were read by the reader in perfect silence. The tall fellow lowered his head sadly. It was obvious that no one understood these last words. In particular, the words: "I'll arrive tomorrow at dinner," apparently even upset both the reader and the listeners. The understanding of the people was tuned to a high tune, and this was too simple and needlessly understandable; it was the very thing that each of them could have said, and that therefore a decree from a higher authority could not speak.
Everyone stood in gloomy silence. The tall fellow moved his lips and staggered.
“I should have asked him!.. Is that himself?.. Why, he asked! two mounted dragoons.
The police chief, who went that morning on the count's order to burn the barges and, on the occasion of this order, rescued a large sum of money that was in his pocket at that moment, seeing a crowd of people advancing towards him, ordered the coachman to stop.
- What kind of people? he shouted at the people, who were approaching the droshky, scattered and timid. - What kind of people? I'm asking you? repeated the chief of police, who received no answer.
“They, your honor,” said the clerk in a frieze overcoat, “they, your honor, at the announcement of the most illustrious count, not sparing their stomachs, wanted to serve, and not just some kind of rebellion, as it was said from the most illustrious count ...
“The count has not left, he is here, and there will be an order about you,” said the chief of police. – Went! he said to the coachman. The crowd stopped, crowding around those who had heard what the authorities said, and looking at the departing droshky.
The police chief at this time looked around in fright, said something to the coachman, and his horses went faster.
- Cheating, guys! Lead to yourself! shouted the voice of the tall fellow. - Don't let go, guys! Let him submit a report! Hold on! shouted the voices, and the people ran after the droshky.
The crowd behind the police chief with a noisy conversation headed for the Lubyanka.
“Well, gentlemen and merchants have left, and that’s why we’re disappearing?” Well, we are dogs, eh! – was heard more often in the crowd.

On the evening of September 1, after his meeting with Kutuzov, Count Rastopchin, upset and offended that he was not invited to the military council, that Kutuzov did not pay any attention to his proposal to take part in the defense of the capital, and surprised by the new look that opened to him in the camp , in which the question of the calmness of the capital and its patriotic mood turned out to be not only secondary, but completely unnecessary and insignificant - upset, offended and surprised by all this, Count Rostopchin returned to Moscow. After supper, the count, without undressing, lay down on the couch and at one o'clock was awakened by a courier who brought him a letter from Kutuzov. The letter said that since the troops were retreating to the Ryazan road beyond Moscow, would it please the count to send police officials to lead the troops through the city. This news was not news to Rostopchin. Not only from yesterday’s meeting with Kutuzov on Poklonnaya Gora, but also from the Battle of Borodino itself, when all the generals who came to Moscow unanimously said that it was impossible to give another battle, and when, with the permission of the count, state property and up to half of the inhabitants were already taken out every night. we left, - Count Rostopchin knew that Moscow would be abandoned; but nevertheless this news, reported in the form of a simple note with an order from Kutuzov and received at night, during the first dream, surprised and annoyed the count.
Subsequently, explaining his activities during this time, Count Rostopchin wrote several times in his notes that he then had two important goals: De maintenir la tranquillite a Moscou et d "en faire partir les habitants. [Keep calm in Moscow and expel from If we admit this dual purpose, any action of Rostopchin turns out to be irreproachable. Why weren’t the Moscow shrines, weapons, cartridges, gunpowder, grain supplies taken out, why were thousands of residents deceived by the fact that Moscow would not be surrendered, and ruined? in order to keep calm in the capital, answers the explanation of Count Rostopchin. Why were piles of unnecessary papers taken out of government offices and Leppich's ball and other objects? - In order to leave the city empty, the explanation of Count Rostopchin answers. One has only to assume that something threatened people's peace, and every action becomes justified.
All the horrors of terror were based only on concern for the people's peace.
What was the basis of Count Rostopchin's fear of public peace in Moscow in 1812? What reason was there to suppose a tendency to rebellion in the city? The inhabitants were leaving, the troops, retreating, filled Moscow. Why should the people revolt as a result of this?
Not only in Moscow, but throughout Russia, when the enemy entered, there was nothing resembling indignation. On the 1st and 2nd of September, more than ten thousand people remained in Moscow, and, apart from the crowd that had gathered in the courtyard of the commander-in-chief and attracted by him, there was nothing. It is obvious that even less one should have expected unrest among the people if, after the Battle of Borodino, when the abandonment of Moscow became obvious, or at least probably, if then, instead of disturbing the people with the distribution of weapons and posters, Rostopchin took measures to the removal of all sacred things, gunpowder, charges and money, and would directly announce to the people that the city was being abandoned.
Rostopchin, an ardent, sanguine person who always revolved in higher circles administration, although with a patriotic feeling, did not have the slightest idea about the people he thought to govern. From the very beginning of the enemy's entry into Smolensk, Rastopchin in his imagination formed for himself the role of the leader of the people's feelings - the heart of Russia. It not only seemed to him (as it seems to every administrator) that he controlled the external actions of the inhabitants of Moscow, but it seemed to him that he directed their mood through his appeals and posters, written in that jarring language, which in its midst despises the people and whom he does not understands when he hears it from above. Rastopchin liked the beautiful role of the leader of popular feeling so much, he got used to it so much that the need to get out of this role, the need to leave Moscow without any heroic effect took him by surprise, and he suddenly lost the ground on which he stood from under his feet, in resolutely did not know what to do. Although he knew, he did not believe with all his heart until the last minute in leaving Moscow and did nothing to this end. Residents moved out against his will. If government offices were taken out, then only at the request of officials, with whom the count reluctantly agreed. He himself was busy only with the role that he had made for himself. As is often the case with people endowed with ardent imagination, he had known for a long time that Moscow would be abandoned, but he knew only by reasoning, but he did not believe in it with all his heart, he was not transported by his imagination to this new situation.
All his activity, diligent and energetic (how useful it was and reflected on the people is another question), all his activity was aimed only at arousing in the inhabitants the feeling that he himself experienced - patriotic hatred for the French and confidence in itself.
But when the event took on its real, historical dimensions, when it turned out to be insufficient to express one’s hatred for the French in words alone, when it was impossible even to express this hatred in a battle, when self-confidence turned out to be useless in relation to one question of Moscow, when the entire population, as one person , throwing their property, flowed out of Moscow, showing by this negative action the full strength of their popular feeling - then the role chosen by Rostopchin suddenly turned out to be meaningless. He suddenly felt lonely, weak and ridiculous, without ground under his feet.
Upon awakening from sleep, having received a cold and commanding note from Kutuzov, Rostopchin felt the more annoyed the more he felt guilty. In Moscow, everything that was exactly entrusted to him remained, everything that was state-owned that he was supposed to take out. It was not possible to take everything out.
“Who is to blame for this, who allowed this to happen? he thought. “Of course not me. I had everything ready, I held Moscow like this! And here's what they've done! Bastards, traitors!” - he thought, not properly defining who these scoundrels and traitors were, but feeling the need to hate these traitors, who were to blame for the false and ridiculous position in which he was.
All that night, Count Rastopchin gave orders, for which people from all parts of Moscow came to him. Those close to him had never seen the count so gloomy and irritated.
“Your Excellency, they came from the patrimonial department, from the director for orders ... From the consistory, from the senate, from the university, from the orphanage, the vicar sent ... asks ... About the fire brigade, what do you order? A warden from a prison... a warden from a yellow house...” - they reported to the count all night without ceasing.
To all these questions, the count gave short and angry answers, showing that his orders were no longer needed, that all the work he had diligently prepared was now spoiled by someone and that this someone would bear full responsibility for everything that would happen now.
“Well, tell this fool,” he replied to a request from the patrimonial department, “to stay on guard for his papers. What are you asking nonsense about the fire brigade? There are horses - let them go to Vladimir. Don't leave the French.
- Your Excellency, the warden from the lunatic asylum has arrived, as you order?
- How do I order? Let everyone go, that's all ... And release the crazy in the city. When we have crazy armies in command, this is what God ordered.
When asked about the stocks who were sitting in the pit, the count angrily shouted at the caretaker:
“Well, shall I give you two battalions of an escort, which is not there?” Let them go and that's it!
- Your Excellency, there are political ones: Meshkov, Vereshchagin.
- Vereshchagin! Hasn't he been hanged yet? shouted Rostopchin. - Bring him to me.

By nine o'clock in the morning, when the troops had already moved through Moscow, no one else came to ask the count's orders. All those who could ride rode by themselves; those who remained decided for themselves what they had to do.
The count ordered the horses to be brought in to go to Sokolniki, and, frowning, yellow and silent, he sat with his hands folded in his office.
In a calm, not turbulent time, it seems to each administrator that it is only through his efforts that the entire population under his control is moving, and in this consciousness of his necessity, each administrator feels the main reward for his labors and efforts. It is clear that as long as the historical sea is calm, it should seem to the ruler-administrator, with his fragile boat resting against the ship of the people with his pole and moving himself, that the ship against which he rests is moving with his efforts. But as soon as a storm rises, the sea is agitated and the ship itself moves, then delusion is impossible. The ship moves on its own huge, independent course, the pole does not reach the moving ship, and the ruler suddenly passes from the position of a ruler, a source of strength, into an insignificant, useless and weak person.
Rostopchin felt this, and this irritated him. The police chief, who was stopped by the crowd, together with the adjutant, who had come to report that the horses were ready, entered the count. Both were pale, and the police chief, reporting on the execution of his order, reported that a huge crowd of people stood in the yard of the count, who wanted to see him.
Rostopchin, without answering a word, got up and with quick steps went to his luxurious bright living room, went to the balcony door, took hold of the handle, left it and went to the window, from which the whole crowd was visible. A tall fellow stood in the front rows and with a stern face, waving his hand, said something. The bloody blacksmith stood beside him with a gloomy look. Through the closed windows a murmur of voices could be heard.
Is the crew ready? - said Rostopchin, moving away from the window.
“Ready, Your Excellency,” said the adjutant.
Rostopchin again went to the balcony door.
- What do they want? he asked the police chief.
- Your Excellency, they say that they were going to go to the French on your orders, they were shouting something about treason. But a wild crowd, Your Excellency. I forcibly left. Your Excellency, I dare to suggest...
“If you please go, I know what to do without you,” Rostopchin shouted angrily. He stood at the balcony door, looking out at the crowd. “This is what they did to Russia! That's what they did to me!" thought Rostopchin, feeling uncontrollable anger rising in his soul against someone to whom one could attribute the cause of everything that had happened. As is often the case with hot people, anger already possessed him, but he was still looking for an object for him. “La voila la populace, la lie du peuple,” he thought, looking at the crowd, “la plebe qu” ils ont soulevee par leur sottise. whom they raised by their stupidity! They need a sacrifice."] It occurred to him, looking at the tall fellow waving his hand. And for that very reason it occurred to him that he himself needed this sacrifice, this object for his anger.
Is the crew ready? he asked again.
“Ready, Your Excellency. What do you want about Vereshchagin? He is waiting at the porch, answered the adjutant.
- A! cried Rostopchin, as if struck by some unexpected memory.