30.09.2019

recreational purposes. Recreational resources and tourism. The doctrine of territorial recreational systems

Under recreation facilities refers to material objects, systems, processes and phenomena, as well as standards that are the conditions for the implementation of a variety of recreational human activities. This is a kind of background for direct recreational activities, which is activated depending on many factors, but never plays a role by itself.

Under recreation subjects refers to people who conduct recreational activities based on the standards of a given socio-cultural education - a system, environment, external buffer zone or region of mixed development. Sociocultural standards are determined by the internal logic of the SCS evolution and dictate the use of strictly defined recreational facilities. This is how the choice of an area for development for recreational purposes occurs, the determination of the dominant type of recreation and recreational resources at the current stage.

Under recreational activities refers to the diverse activities of people, focused on the restoration of their own strength in accordance with the standards of their socio-cultural system. This includes the daily, weekly, quarterly, annual and life cycles of recreation. Not all of them are the subject of study of geographical science, but all of them are manifestations of recreational activities.

The object of study of recreational geography is determined regardless of the type of sociocultural education, but in itself it does not determine the directions for the development of recreation in practical terms and studies of recreational processes. All this takes concrete forms only within the framework of a certain socio-cultural formation, i.e. within one of the socio-cultural systems, socio-cultural environments or regions of mixed socio-cultural development. In addition to the fact that the object is realized in specific subjects of research, it may not be updated as a whole, which also depends on the type of sociocultural education. Only the study of the features of the development of the SCS space makes it possible to understand what and why suddenly becomes a recreational resource or does not become one. Recreational processes and their spatial manifestations seriously depend on the characteristics of the socio-cultural development of territories.

When determining the subject of research, it is necessary to clarify what time and sociocultural education is in question. Otherwise, the definition will be incorrect. We define the subject of study of recreational geography in relation to the Russian SCS of the times of its national program, i.e. after 1991, when fundamentally new processes originated and are being implemented in the space of the Russian SCS.

Geographical science deals with the study of space. It is not the only science that studies space, but the only one that studies it comprehensively, for which space is the main object of study. There are many different areas of geography - physical, economic, industry, population, services, etc. Recreational geography is one of the areas of geographical knowledge.

The space of sociocultural systems is changeable. Within each stage, another step is taken towards its formation. In accordance with this, the subject of study of geographical science is also changing. Recreational geography is also undergoing a corresponding evolution. Its subject varies depending on the change in the object itself (i.e., recreation) and its state in various SCSs.

From the very beginning of its inception, recreational geography, with a small and well-coordinated scientific community specialists had a clear object of study - territorial recreational systems. The main attention of specialists was concentrated on TRS. All publications of the recent past, with astonishing unanimity, refer to TRS as the subject of study of recreational geography.

A distinctive feature of Soviet recreational geography can be considered a rigid practical orientation and the fact that it was probably the most constructive of all geographical disciplines. Developments in recreational geography were actually used in practice, which was not quite common.

Almost until the end of the 80s, recreational geography could indeed be defined as a socio-geographical discipline that studies territorial recreational systems. In the late 1990s, such a definition was no longer conceivable. Almost all TRS created in the USSR turned out to be located outside the borders of the Russian Federation, the main consumer of their services. In addition, many of them ended up in areas of ethnic and regional conflicts. After the collapse of the USSR, the TRS were seriously degraded and they need huge investments for restoration. IN modern conditions not a single state that was formed on the site of the collapsed USSR can make such investments. Ukraine, Georgia, the Baltic republics are not even able to simply maintain the TRS located on their territories at the same level, and a prime example This is the state of recreation in the Crimea.

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Gone are the days when the word "vacation" came to mind mainly trips to Egypt or Turkey on the all-inclusive system. I want something else: fresh, clean, without noise and fuss, interesting and at the same time health improving. All this can give recreational rest. This name is not yet very common, and even scares someone, but a few years will pass, and this word will be on the lips of everyone who is going on vacation.

What is "recreation"

The name "recreational resources" means special natural areas that combine uniqueness, the opportunity to improve health and at the same time see something interesting. In general, this can be called an ideal pastime when you take a break from the bustle of the city, do sports that you enjoy, whether it is leisurely walks or rock climbing, sightseeing, gaining impressions and health for the year ahead. A huge role here is played by the harmony between pristine nature and man-made communications that provide maximum comfort. For example, well-known sanatoriums or children's camps are also recreational resources. But today the choice in this area of recreation has expanded significantly.

Why is it necessary

Before choosing where to go, it is worth understanding what your recreational goals are, that is, what exactly you want to get from your vacation. It could be:

Recovery. Specialized sanatoriums, hot springs, mineral waters - the choice is very wide.
Improvement in physical fitness. Surfing, climbing, hiking.
Expanding horizons. Walking around major cities, getting to know the culture of other countries and peoples, exploring historical or unique natural sites and other attractions.
New impressions. Kayaking, hiking, extreme sports.

Of course, it is almost impossible to single out recreational purposes in their pure form, because most tourist sites combine several features, and even ordinary hotels today offer a wide excursion program.

Vacation options

From the point of view of recreation, the following types of resources can be distinguished:

Shores of seas, rivers and lakes. But we are not talking about the usual “lying on the beach”, but about sports such as swimming, surfing, diving, exploring the islands.
Mountain rivers. Kayaking is organized here, which allows not only to strengthen health and muscles, but also to admire the grandeur and power of nature.
Mountains. Clean air, magnificent landscapes, rock climbing, walking, skiing and snowboarding: you definitely won’t be bored here, but at least minimal physical fitness is required.
Forests. It is in such zones that the majority of Russian sanatoriums are located. Rest here is available to everyone, as movement around the area is not a problem.
Cultural and historical centers. This type of recreation is interesting for those whose recreational goals are mainly familiarization with the traditions, history, and culture of cities. A lot of new impressions and broadening of horizons are provided.
Ancient buildings: castles, catacombs, various fortifications. As a rule, such objects are located outside the city and offer both the study of history and outdoor recreation.
religious complexes. Monasteries and other Orthodox centers do not just open their doors to sightseers, but offer to live near or even on the territory of the object, to get acquainted with the history of this place, and with the life of those who have devoted themselves to the service of religion. Such tours are interesting not only for deeply religious people, but also for everyone who wants to change the situation and learn something new.

State of the art

In the West, businessmen have long understood that recreational facilities can bring huge profits without harming the environment. Tourism is widely developed there in all directions. One has only to tell the manager at the travel agency that you want, say, to the mountains, as you will be bombarded with hundreds of offers. But in Russia tourism is still very poorly developed. We used to think that our main vacation spot is the Black Sea, and for a long time did not notice the wealth that surrounds us. Many of our recreational areas are still very poorly developed, there are problems with roads and advertising. Often, foreigners know more about vacation spots in Russia than the natives!

Why is this happening? This is partly due to the wealth of the territories. We are so used to it that we no longer notice it. Near everyone Russian city there are recreational lands where you can have a great time. Why no one wants to invest in their development, one can only guess, because such investments would pay off very quickly. However, it should be noted that this is partly due to the lack of a proper legislative and regulatory framework. Whereas in the West every piece of land has been thoroughly researched, recorded and carefully guarded, in our country environmental protection measures are carried out very poorly.

In Russia, of all types, the objects pursuing health-improving recreational purposes are the most developed. Yes, those same resorts. They were massively built during the Soviet period, so that “every worker” had the opportunity to relax and improve their health. And today these institutions are in great demand, as they have a lot of advantages. The first of these is the proximity of the location. Almost every city has at least a small recreational area, be it a forest, a lake or another object, where, thanks to green spaces, clean air will be preserved. Due to the mass nature of the sanatoriums can offer quite low prices, and what is very important, here you can really improve your well-being.

There are both general health-improving and specialized sanatoriums aimed at treating certain diseases. Many of them are located in the field mineral waters or therapeutic mud and offer a variety of activities, including sports and excursions. IN last years sanatoriums are increasingly turning into recreation centers where the whole family comes, no longer on doctor's orders, but to have a good time.

Russian North

The Solovetsky Islands offer excellent opportunities for recreation. This is a well-known, but inaccessible recreational area, interesting from several points of view at once. First of all, special climatic conditions formed on Solovki; unique nature, uncharacteristic for this region. The islands are replete with the remains of ancient structures, the history of which goes back to the deep past, and the monastery offers everyone to get acquainted with the life of the monks. But the trouble is that getting to Solovki is not so easy, you have to get on the bed, and sometimes the fare exceeds the price of the holiday itself.

Another northern recreational zone of Russia is Karelia. An amazing land of lakes, which is legendary. Hunting, fishing, river rafting, historical tourism, study of the so-called anomalous zones- here everyone will find something for themselves. But again we are faced with a lack of roads, poor infrastructure and poor communication. However, despite all the difficulties, all more people travel to these places attracted amazing nature and interesting excursions.

In places of memory

Central Russia as a recreational holiday offers mainly a well-known route Golden ring, but it is interesting for the most part to foreign tourists or people studying history. Unique architectural monuments have been preserved here, in the cities they offer to touch Russian traditions, such as tea drinking, troika riding, and so on. It is worth noting that the Golden Ring has a great advantage: the infrastructure is well developed here, and the prices are quite affordable.

In addition to this route, there are many ancient cities in Russia where you can touch history in the literal and figurative sense. What are only Pskov and Kargopol with their numerous ancient churches and fortifications! These cities are still quite clean and calm, and here even a simple walk is a great pleasure.

Ethnotourism

Fans of complex recreational tourism can be very pleased with the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Salavat region has a huge potential, where there are health facilities, cultural and historical sites, and pristine nature and places of pilgrimage. But this area is now of particular interest to those who want to get acquainted with the ancient traditions of small nations. In recent years, active work has been carried out to restore various cultures, a significant part of which was lost during the Soviet period. In the Salavat region there are many museums that tell about the history and characteristics of the Bashkir people.

Where to go

We have considered only a few options for recreational recreation in Russia. In fact, we have a huge number of interesting places where you can spend time with great pleasure and benefit. Each of these recreational areas has great potential, and if you are not afraid of the need to get "on the bed", then you will find a lot of interesting things for yourself, and, most likely, you will no longer want to buy a standard all-inclusive package.

World practice demonstrates a great many examples of the construction of recreational facilities. The nomenclature of types of recreational objects (buildings, structures and their complexes) is diverse and diverse. This diversity is due to the richness of combinations various forms recreation and the structure of the contingent of tourists.

Types of recreational facilities are usually classified on the basis of the introduction of a number of distinctive features, such as stationarity, seasonality of operation, functional specificity, size. These signs are named by many authors and are the basis of the classifications presented in the special and normative literature.

One of the signs of the difference between recreation facilities is stationarity. Stationary structures- these are non-movable objects, all capital buildings belong to them, they are designed for continuous operation until the moment of full depreciation. Non-stationary structures- these are those that can be moved to another place, they include all transportable facilities for lodging and servicing vacationers: tents, trailers, collapsible houses, etc. Non-stationary recreational facilities are divided into stable(tents, houses, etc.) and mobile(caravans, tourist boat, etc.).

Another division criterion is seasonality of operation, in connection with which institutions of year-round and seasonal (say, only summer or, conversely, only winter) operation are distinguished. Year-round and seasonal can be both stationary and non-stationary objects.

Stationary and non-stationary recreational buildings and devices in their various combinations, together with related structures and engineering infrastructure, form recreational complexes (centers), where the bulk of vacationers are concentrated. Complexes, as well as individual buildings and structures, can have one or another functional specialization. According to the functional profile, polyfunctional recreational complexes should be distinguished, in which the functions of resort treatment and recreation, or recreation and tourism, or recreation for adults and children, etc., and specialized ones, where specialization dominates (for example, tourist complexes, children's recreation centers, sports and recreation complexes, resort treatment centers).

The next criterion for the division of recreational institutions is their magnitude, otherwise power (capacity), which is expressed by the number of overnight stays or the number of vacationers at the peak of the load, that is, on the day of the season of maximum load. The size of the recreational complex in the most noticeable way affects both the very construction of its structure, the service system, the organization of transport communications, and the nature and extent of the transformation of the natural environment.

There are various recommendations on the optimal size of recreational complexes. So, for coastal areas with vast expanses of water areas and large beaches, the capacity of recreational complexes is taken in the range from 2 to 10 thousand seats. Recreational centers formed on the basis of lakes and rivers, where recreational resources are lower, usually have a smaller capacity and are divided into small - up to 0.5 thousand places, medium - 0.5-2.5 thousand places, large - more 2.5 thousand places. For the northern regions, the following capacity of recreational centers is recommended: for year-round use centers - 2-15 thousand people, for seasonal (winter or summer) use centers - 1-7 thousand people, for specialized centers - 0.5-2 thousand pers.

Important for determining the optimal size of the recreational complex are environmental and psycho-emotional factors of recreation. The formation of recreational complexes, taking into account these factors, today should be considered as a priority direction in defiance of the established “economically profitable” approach, which in practice turns into exorbitant exploitation of recreational resources due to reckless entrepreneurial intentions. The recommendations published in the special press on the size of recreational centers, taking into account these factors, are contradictory and require clarification and additional research.

World experience in recreational construction demonstrates examples of the construction of both super-large, with a very high capacity, recreational complexes, as well as small, almost miniature ones. For example, the capacity of large complexes consisting of boarding houses and hotels on the seaside of Antalya is comparable in terms of the number of vacationers to the population of a small town, and the capacity of a small conurbation of villas is limited to a few families. In view of this, it is permissible to classify recreational complexes according to the number of vacationers into mini-complexes with a capacity of up to 500 people, complexes with a capacity of 500-2000 people, macro-complexes with a capacity of 2000-5000 people. and mega-complexes with a capacity of over 5000 people. The term “recreational center”, which can often be found in the literature as a synonym for the word “complex”, refers rather to macro- and mega-complexes. This term is most often used by authors to characterize large urban developments, such as polyfunctional complexes, specialized tourist villages, or even cities.

One of the leading trends in the world, including domestic, construction practice has recently become the tendency to reduce the popularity of large recreational complexes in favor of small ones, in particular, such as medium-sized boarding houses and rest houses, tourist bases and shelters, camping villages. This indicates the preference for the formation of small recreational complexes in the network of recreational institutions, subordinated in scale to the natural environment, opposed in their architectural design to powerful recreation centers with a high degree urbanization.

Recreational complexes are not only buildings, structures, other artificial and technical objects, but also the territory itself with all the features of its natural landscape. At the same time, it is the qualities of the landscape that determine the recreational opportunities (potential) of the territory and are the motivating reason for the intention to build any recreational device.

Here the second key problem is indicated - the problem of choosing a place for placing a recreational facility. Specialists attach exceptional importance to the location of recreation facilities, especially when it comes to the placement of elite recreational complexes.

Recently, the problem of assessing territories for recreational use has been actively studied by architects, geographers, psychologists, specialists in the field of tourism and tourism business, and it is widely discussed in a special press. There are several approaches to assessment, the common thing for them is that they are all focused on a detailed study of certain factors (resources and conditions) of recreational activities. As a rule, relief, climate, reservoirs and streams, vegetation (woody vegetation separately), transport accessibility, availability of recreational infrastructure (buildings, complexes, engineering systems) are subject to assessment.

Thus, when analyzing the natural conditions of the USSR for stationary recreation, the following were assessed: climate, forest vegetation, water bodies, relief, conditions for cognitive recreation. The factors that are assessed when determining the recreational properties of the territory, some researchers additionally include the traditions of recreational use of the territory, the way of life of the population, and for areas with snowy winters and for mountainous territories, also the height of the snow cover (at the time of maximum snow accumulation), height above sea level, degree of avalanche danger.

The complexity of assessing the territory for recreational purposes lies in the fact that for different types recreational activities require different resources and conditions. So, for winter recreation, the height of the snow cover is of great importance, for resort and medical recreation, the availability of balneological and medical resources, etc. is paramount. mountaineering, etc.). The main types of recreational activities include: recreational and health-improving (walking, beach-bathing recreation, non-categorical hiking trips, etc.), sports and health-improving (all types of amateur sports), recreational and educational (excursions “into nature” and cultural and historical places) and recreational and commercial (hunting, fishing, picking berries, mushrooms, herbariums, etc.). Even within the same group of recreational activities, sometimes mutually exclusive natural and climatic conditions are necessary. In other words, each type of recreational activity requires a special grouping of assessed factors and a special reading of their significance. At the same time, attention should be paid not only to “positive”, but also to “negative” factors that can limit or even exclude the use of the territory for recreational purposes. So, swampiness reduces the attractiveness of the area, since it creates additional difficulties in organizing routes, besides, swamps are the nuclei of the settlement of blood-sucking insects, which makes rest in wetlands uncomfortable and unpleasant.

The methodology for the recreational assessment of the territory should include an interconnected study of the main aspects of the territorial organization of recreation and provide for a comprehensive analysis of these aspects, and methodologically be based on a systematic methodology. Positive opportunities for solving the problem of recreational assessment of the territory and choosing a place for locating recreational complexes are provided by the apparatus of multivariate statistics, in particular, methods factor analysis.

Methods of factor analysis in the most general form are matrix transformations and calculus. The initial stage is the choice of study units and feature extraction. All information collected during the analysis is presented in the form of a data table, in which the rows correspond to a set of territorial units, and the columns correspond to a set of features that describe their ecological state, recreational, national economic significance, etc. This form allows a scoring of the territory for the whole complex of aspects.

Conducting a comprehensive assessment using factor analysis methods involves stepping the following procedures (assessment stages):

1 step- allocation and grouping of factors (attributes) on which the assessment is carried out;

2 step- determination of the intensity and level of the factor (feature);

3 step- development of evaluation criteria and evaluation scales;

4 step- scoring for each single factor;

5 step- conducting a comprehensive scoring for the entire group of factors;

6 step- ranking and categorization of units of the territory with the establishment of their priority.

The first question to be answered before conducting an assessment is what should be chosen as the territorial unit of consideration?

In the existing methods, the landscape and its fragments are subject to recreational assessment. In geography, a landscape is understood as a natural geographical complex in which all the main components: relief, climate, water, soil, flora and fauna are in complex interaction and interdependence, forming a single inseparable system. Taking the "landscape" as the object of study, it is important to make one clarification. The geographical interpretation of the landscape is constantly trying to "grab", but still does not "grasp" one subtle, but extremely important matter, these are the aesthetic (sensually perceived) qualities of the landscape. These qualities, captured by the ordinary meanings of the word "landscape", remain as if on the sidelines (besides the geographical interpretation of the word "landscape" there are two others: 1) the general appearance of the area; 2) a picture depicting nature, the same as a landscape).

For an architect dealing with the secrets of the spatial organization of natural-artificial objects of a particular territory, who studies its compositional properties, including aesthetic ones, it seems more familiar and more productive to place the concept of “place” in the center of attention. The word “place” in Russian has a universal meaning, it can mean a very small area (the corner of a room, a chair, a mat - “my place”), and very large area(locality). Unlike the concept of “landscape”, which is focused on physical (naturalistic) aspects, the concept of “place” contains both physical-geographical and cultural-historical meanings (it is adequate to describe a historical place, say, Kulikovo field, Poklonnaya Gora and Pazyryk V geographical terms impossible), and phenomenal manifestations (“the spirit of the place”). Thus, the object of study is the landscape, in its broadest sense, or otherwise - the place, its physical-geographical, cultural-historical, phenomenological characteristics.

Any place, from the point of view of rest, recreation, can attract and beckon to itself, or, conversely, repel. Let's call these terrain properties attractive(attractive) and repellent(repulsive) properties.

attractiveness places - its fundamental characteristic, which must be studied and taken into account when designing recreational facilities and systems.

Specialists in the field of recreational geography strive in one way or another to characterize such a side of landscapes as their attractiveness. They identify a number of criteria by which it could be assessed. For example, A.D. Volkov and A.N. Gromtsev believes that the leading features that determine the recreational quality of the landscape are the contrast of relief forms, the mosaic and typological spectrum of forests, the presence of water bodies, berry and mushroom lands, and transport accessibility.

Let us bring into the system those manifestations that determine the attractive properties of the terrain. Three blocks of such properties can be distinguished: topological, functional and aesthetic properties.

Attractive are unique (individual, i.e., inimitable) places, defined by the adjective “most” (largest, highest, deepest, etc.). Any registered monument of nature should be classified as a unique area, and the higher the status of such a monument, the higher the indicator of its uniqueness. Territories where ordinary recreational resources are intertwined into a ball of rare richness of combinations, for example: a forest, a lake, a river, mountains, flat areas - all in one place, have a high attractiveness. Here, the mosaic, compositional properties of the landscape come to the fore. The presence and quality of water bodies - rivers, lakes, reservoirs, woody vegetation - coniferous or mixed forests, clumps and groves - is important. They enrich the landscape, saturate the color scheme, create additional recreational opportunities and, in general, increase the attractiveness of landscapes. This topological characteristics of the terrain .

Taking into account the utilitarian, consumer needs of a person in relation to nature, attractive places should include places that have favorable conditions for amateur crafts (mushroom and berry hunting, fishing, non-industrial hunting for animals and birds, etc.) or for gardening and dacha arrangement. Rich phyto- and zooresources - necessary condition for amateur crafts, soil fertility, the presence of flat areas - a condition for the alienation of the territory for garden and country development. This functional (utilitarian) characteristics of the terrain .

The most difficult to formalize characteristic is aesthetic qualities of the place . The concept of “aesthetics of a place”, used here, reflects its ability to influence some of its qualities on the human nervous system, on the psycho-emotional sphere of the recreant. The determining factor is the occurrence positive emotions. Aesthetic qualities with great difficulty can be formulated and expressed in the form of categories that have the appropriate significance for design. However, despite these difficulties, some scientists believe that it is the aesthetic approach to landscape planning that will attract the most intense interest in the future.

What should be the object of study when studying such a characteristic as the aesthetic qualities of the area? Apparently, what has long been of concern to all artists who study and cognize this world in their own way is scenery. “The landscape, which is a special place for the manifestation of the relationship between the individual, society and environment, is currently winning social status. It becomes both an object of study and knowledge. It increasingly forces itself to be recognized as an object of conscious creation, ”says Remy Perelman, director of the French National Agronomic Institute for landscape problems. The landscape became the object of close attention of researchers in the countries of old Europe, North America especially in industrialized countries.

Most general meaning the words "landscape" - a view of some area (in this respect, "landscape" is a synonym for the ordinary meaning of the word "landscape"); in art, a landscape is an image of nature, for example, a picture, a drawing in painting, a description of nature in a literary work.

All our senses take part in the perception of the beauty of nature, while the contemplation of the area, the landscape gives us only a part of what we sensually perceive in it. Between all types of sensory perceptions (visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, olfactory), there is a direct internal connection (synesthesia - the interaction of perceptions), without which the individual as a whole is simply unthinkable. And yet, in the perception of landscapes or their picturesque images - landscapes, the most important role belongs to vision, which, as you know, even Plato, together with hearing, attributed to the "higher" senses, in contrast to the lower ones (smell, taste and touch). Higher senses are also called long-range senses.

Landscape is the most accessible element of nature. Its perception can occur both from a close and from a distant distance. In this respect, it is in the public domain, like, say, the face of a city or building facades. Perhaps, precisely because of the universal significance of such a characteristic of a place as a landscape, the eyes of many specialists have been turned to studying it in recent decades. The landscape began to interest not only artists, but also urban planners, geographers, and biologists.

The methods of the proposed classifications of landscapes are based on the division of landscapes into smaller and smaller homogeneous units, which are described with greater or lesser accuracy. The description of these units (catenas, ecotypes, tracts, landscape interiors) provides extensive information about the landscape, which can be used in practice. There are three directions in the analysis of landscapes: geographical, biological and architectural. There are a number of works describing methods in certain areas. Each of the directions is based on a specific apparatus developed by the scientific discipline. Thus, the architectural direction solves the problem of composition in the landscape, i.e., reveals the values necessary for its formation.

What values will play leading role in assessing the landscape? A valuable landscape, first of all, should be distinguished by a high degree of naturalness and low saturation with secondary elements. The unaltered natural landscape becomes a rare occurrence on the planet, its value is constantly increasing as the “white spots” disappear and the availability of previously inaccessible places. It has a particularly high value for a city dweller living surrounded by landscapes of asphalt and concrete; townspeople are most alienated from living, virgin nature and are reunited with it only in short moments of country rest.

Point of view

One should agree with the exact statement of one of the recognized experts on tourism J. Krippendorf: “The main attraction of tourism is not hotels, cable cars, lifts and swimming pools. The focus, as before, is on the aesthetic properties of the landscape. Its originality, beauty, ability to influence the feelings and emotions of people play a decisive role. The value of engineering structures is often overestimated. In the end, they are only means to an end and serve to make it possible to more conveniently and fully enjoy nature and landscape.

Particularly noticeable damage to the natural landscape is caused by elements of anthropogenic origin, which sharply violate its compositional integrity. Let's call this phenomenon the littering of natural landscapes with anthropogenic garbage. The littering of landscapes is one of the obvious repellent characteristics of the area.

The value features of landscapes that can affect feelings, moods, physical and psycho-emotional state of a person, according to some researchers (primarily doctors and psychologists), are color, brightness, shape, spatial structure of objects within the visual fields.

Of great importance is such a characteristic as the diversity of the landscape. One landscape may differ from another by the measure of “discovery” of space, saturation with pictorial objects. In photography, as in painting, there is a gradation: close-up- medium plan - distant (small) plan.

A panorama, as opposed to a portrait, is a large number of objects to be observed, the presence of several pictorial plans, chosen by the viewer arbitrarily. The higher the degree of “panoramicity” of the landscape, the more potentially “pictorial paintings (plans)” appear in the field of view of a person. Diversity is an essential feature, along with the color-textural qualities, of picturesque landscapes. It is not in vain that it is believed that the mountainous territories are much more picturesque than the plains. Therefore, it is important whether there are elevated places on the assessed area - the top parts of the ridges, passes, etc., that can serve as panoramic viewpoints. WITH high points the opportunity opens up to survey the greatness, power and beauty of mountain structures. Cliffs, rocks, screes, kurums, canyons of mountain rivers, rapids, waterfalls, etc. have a strong emotional impact on the viewer and, often, forever remain in the memory of a person.

Particularly attractive are the places where one panorama can be seen different, contrasting landscapes - mountains and plains, forests and steppe, variegated alpine meadows and snowy peaks.

The attractive properties of landscapes are a key characteristic that determines the recreational potential of a place. It covers such important meanings: while relaxing here, I can “do” - swim, ride from the mountains, fish (functional), study the features of the area (topological), admire nature (aesthetic).

Along with attractive, the terrain may have repellent properties. A high proportion of repellent properties can reduce the recreational potential of the place to zero. The repellent qualities of the place include a high saturation with dangerous and harmful to humans animals and plants (carrier insects, for example, encephalitic mites, poisonous reptiles or plants, cannibals), in the mountains they should include a high probability of stone screes, mudflows, snow avalanches. The presence of midges (midges, mosquitoes, horseflies, flies) also significantly reduces the attractiveness of the area for recreation. Geochemical anomalies of the area (natural radioactive background, natural chemical pollution, etc.) should also be classified as dangerous.

The attractiveness of the landscape, albeit a key one in terms of position, is still one of the evaluation categories necessary for a comprehensive analysis of the recreational potential of the territory. In a comprehensive assessment of the area, it is necessary to take into account its medical-geographical and physical-geographical characteristics, cultural and historical significance, microclimatic features, and accessibility for recreants.

The planning organization of any recreational complex has direct relationship to the state of nature that this complex “consumes”, an imperfect urban structure with a critical state of its elements can become main reason degradation of the natural environment. The following factors can be named as planning factors that increase the anthropogenic pressure: the indentation of the natural landscape background with a dense infrastructure network, which serves as a condition for violating the territorial integrity of living matter in nature; placement of aggressive planning elements in valuable environment-producing and environment-protective landscapes; exceeding the capacity of planning elements beyond the limit of stability of natural landscapes; unreasonable polarization of the planning structure, which does not take into account the properties and characteristics of various natural complexes.

For ecologically valuable landscapes, the following principle of urban development of recreational objects and systems can be declared - the higher the ecological value of the landscape, the less anthropogenic interference should be, therefore, the smaller the recreational center should be in size and power, the more clearly environmental measures should be determined during architectural and urban design. Large recreational complexes should be intentionally close to areas with a high degree of urbanization, they will gravitate towards cities, large settlements, especially if the inhabited place has historical and cultural monuments and is of interest for the development of educational tourism.

Full-fledged preservation of nature is unthinkable without the most careful attitude to the natural landscape. For a designer or architect involved in the design of recreational facilities and systems, it is undoubtedly essential today to become a landscape painter. The natural landscape is the highest value today and in the future. In the process of recreational development, its inevitable modifications, perceived visually, should be localized and limited, and littering with anthropogenic rubbish within the valuable species pictures is minimized. This approach, hopefully, will become a priority in terms of the initial axiological setting in the environmental design of the 21st century.

& EXPERIENCE

Problems of allocation of recreationally attractive

territories (on the example of the Far East)

(according to O.V. Kalashnikova)

During the psychological and aesthetic study of the territory, the emotional impact of the properties of the natural-territorial complex (NTC) or its individual components on a person is assessed. The methodology for this assessment is extremely complex and is currently poorly developed. One of the main methodological problems is related to identifying potentially aesthetically attractive areas for further, more detailed assessment and design. Due to the fact that small-scale continuous assessment and mapping is not rational, other methods are needed to allow cameral identification of territories suitable for recreational activities and consider them in more detailed studies.

At present, some criteria of aesthetics, recognized by a number of researchers, the so-called indicators of the overall impressiveness of the landscape, have been determined, which can be analyzed on the basis of an analysis of the modern physical and geographical features of the region and the conditions for its formation.

Below is brief analysis the most frequently mentioned indicators.

1. External landscape variety. It is considered by a number of authors as the number of simultaneously visible NTCs, the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical angle of perception of landscapes, the depth of perspective, the degree of dissection of the horizon line, as well as the abundance of places from which open landscapes external to this NTC. The manifestation of this indicator is ensured by the intense geo-flow characteristic of the geoecotone that occurs between the bordering geosystems and, consequently, the features of the landscape structure of the territory.

2. The next indicator - internal landscape diversity - reflects mainly the properties of the complex being assessed and "is the sum of the vertical and horizontal diversity." At the same time, the horizontal diversity is determined by the frequency of landscape changes perceived during the passage of the route, and the vertical diversity is determined by the diversity of their structure. This property is provided by the bright internal dynamics of geosystems within the transition zones. Here, the leading role belongs to the edge effect characteristic of geoecotones - an increase in the diversity and density of heterogeneous objects, in particular, living organisms. The specific manifestation of horizontal diversity is determined by frequent relief kinks, changes in the density of forest stands (open, semi-open, closed forest landscapes), while vertical diversity is determined by the layering of forest stands, the difference in elevation.

Most clearly, both of these properties are manifested in the zone of contact of natural media (mineral, water and air), that is, on the coasts and in mountainous regions.

3. Temporal contrast or "seasonal aspect" - changes in the vegetation background, which appear more often than once during the growing season. The manifestation of this indicator is possible in the case when, in addition to seasonal changes in meteorological elements, more local changes in time are observed. This situation is most typical for contact zones. various types air masses. And the seasonal aspect manifests itself especially brightly when territorially they correspond to the zones of contact of various natural environments.

4. Uniqueness as "the degree of occurrence or uniqueness of objects and phenomena." Transitional zones are distinguished by qualitatively different laws of development in comparison with homogeneous territories. Moreover, in the overlap area, you can find natural objects and entire PTCs that are not found in other regions of the world.

5. One order of magnitude with the previous indicator - exoticism - the degree of contrast between the place of rest and the place of permanent residence. This is the most subjective of the listed indicators. However, if we take into account the uniqueness of the nature of geoecotones, the extreme nature of their living conditions (with the exception of sea coasts), then we can define transition zones as exotic for most potential consumers of recreational resources.

Thus, landscape ecotones can be considered as territories with a high recreational and aesthetic potential of natural complexes. The attractiveness of "transitional zones" or "contrasting environments" for tourists is confirmed by sociological studies. So in the United States, the study of the distribution of tourists by area national parks showed that marginal zones (especially in flat areas) have the highest attractive effect - border strips between two heterogeneous environments (water - land, forest - glade, hill - plain). Homogeneous territories, on the contrary, produce a repulsive effect.

The main concepts of recreational geography include: leisure or recreation, free time, recreation and tourism, recreational resources, recreational potential, territorial recreational systems

The essence of recreation is the need for any person to realize three types of needs: 1) as a biological species, 2) as a social organism, 3) as a social being seeking to spend his free time.

The first type includes elementary needs for survival, the preservation of the biological species, the continuation of the human race. To the second - physical, social and intellectual needs of a higher order (knowledge, self-development and improvement). To the third - the need somewhere and somehow to spend, even without any benefit, or even to the detriment of oneself (casino, bar, etc.) free time.

There are also certain psychological attitudes here, which change depending on time, historical period, age of a person. So, people are divided into separate categories according to the psychophysical characteristics of the attitude to the rest of the breath. Some individuals cannot rest at all (workaholics), others combine intensive work with active, intense recreation, and there are people who can relax and have fun all the time. Each of these categories of people, in principle, can satisfy their needs for recreation with a skillful, rational, including territorial, organization of recreational economy.

The concept of free time is rather ambiguous. According to most researchers, this is the time of day, some other period or life of a person that is not associated with the performance of professional duties and the pleasure of physical needs. It is clear that in different periods of a person's life and depending on his profession, free time is either clearly defined, for example, before and after the second shift at the factory, "from the bell to the call", or it is generally difficult to determine, say for people of creative professions, "free" skinny artist " the artist is thin.

On average, up to 25% of a person's time falls on free time. Throughout the development of mankind, there has been a constant increase in free time. IN developed countries the duration of the working week is already less in 40 years, it is already less in 40 one. In the 19th century it was more than twice as long. The length and structure of free time are extremely territorially differentiated, which makes this concept one of the main ones in recreational geography.

. Recreation and tourism- the process of restoring the physical, spiritual and neuropsychic forces of a person and his life potential through certain measures on the basis of appropriate institutions in his spare time

Although in all periods of human history the main function was the restorative function of recreation, its essence, structure, axiology (cynnism) changed significantly. If earlier rest was identified with belts and "lying down", and a mandatory assessment of the effectiveness of a spa holiday was a set of additional weight, now studies indicate that only active rest significantly reduces diseases in the body. First of all, this concerns mental, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

Tourism is one of the types of recreation and is associated with travel, trips, migration for recreation at long or close distances from the place of permanent residence. Recreation is a broader and more general concept than tourism.

For the development of recreation and tourism, recreational resources are needed. These include objects, processes and phenomena of natural and anthropogenic origin, which are used for recreation and tourism. At the same time, these objects, processes and phenomena serve as a material base for recreation and health improvement of people through their respective parameters.

Recreational potential is considered as a set of existing natural, socio-economic and cultural-historical prerequisites for a certain territory in the organization of recreational and tourist activities. Thus, any territory or country is constantly in greater or lesser discrepancy between the available recreational potential and the level, nature and efficiency of its use.

Territorial recreational systems is a certain spatial-territorial unity of objects of recreation and tourism in the territory within certain limits. They are characterized by complexity and openness. The basis of functioning. TRS is. TO of the recreational economy as the placement of its objects across the territory in a certain order, interconnection and interacting.

Unlike such general concepts, recreational geography also uses more specific ones, in particular, recreational territory, recreational object, recreational capacity, recreational load

The recreational area is a site. Land within certain limits, which is used for recreation and recreation of people, organizing excursions and tourism. Recreational territories are divided into two groups according to the nature of their use. One of them combines recreational areas (green areas of cities, forest parks, lakes, ponds, rivers, etc.), which are intended for short-term and periodic activities. The second group consists of recreational areas of long-term recreation (health resorts, seaside, mountainous areas, tourist camps, etc.).

. recreational facility- a local object (place, territory) that is used for recreation. This includes a beach, a forest glade, a natural monument. T.P.

. Recreational capacity- the ability of a certain territory to ensure the implementation of comfortable recreational activities without degradation of the natural and historical and cultural environment

. Recreational load- the level of cumulative anthropogenic impact on natural complex a certain territory in the process of recreational activities (trampling, soil compaction, surface contamination with waste, destruction of vegetation, depletion of wildlife, etc..

Questions and tasks

1. What is the essence of rest?

2. Why is the concept of "free time" ambiguous?

3. Answer the definition of "recreation"

4. What are recreational resources?

5. The name is the main, in your opinion, features. TRS

6. What other concept of recreational geography do you know?

. conclusions

. Recreational geography- complex geographical science and academic discipline, which studies the territorial organization of the recreational economy

The subject of recreational geography is the territorial organization of the recreational economy, the consideration of any recreational area as a single system consisting of heterogeneous, but spatially mutually bound, elements that act as a single cyl.

The task of recreational geography is to study the territorial organization of the recreational economy in order to improve it, develop models of "ideal" territorial recreational systems

Recreational geography is a geographical science that is closely related to economics, sociology and ecology.

The main concepts of recreational geography include: leisure or recreation, free time, recreation and tourism, recreational resources, recreational potential, territorial recreational systems; their narrower concepts are recreational territory, recreational object, recreational capacity, recreational loads.

Test control

1. Which of these statements are correct:

a) an objective feature of the modern world is the outstripping development of the recreational economy;

b) the concept of recreation remains unchanged over time;

c) the object and subject of recreational geography completely coincide?

2. The tasks of recreational geography include:

a) research. TO recreational economy;

b) search for balneological resources;

c) development of models of "ideal" TRS

3. Applied tasks of recreational geography are

a) expansion and deepening of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of science;

b) development of methodology and technology for assessing the effectiveness of functioning. TRS;

c) permanent improvement of the spatial-territorial organization of the recreational-tourist complex of the territory of various taxonomic ranks

4 real theoretical, methodological, methodological and applied basis of recreational geography and ideas of such sciences:

a) physics;

c) economy;;

d) biology;

e) sociology;

f) ecology

5. The essence of rest is the need for any person to realize such a number of needs:

6. Which of these statements are correct: or:

a) the concept of "free time" is rather ambiguous;

b) on average, up to 60% of a person's time falls on free time;

c) Depending on the profession, free time can be clearly defined?

7. Recreational potential is:

a) objects of natural and anthropogenic origin that are used for recreational needs;

b) the totality of existing natural, socio-economic and cultural-historical prerequisites for the organization of recreational and tourist activities;

c) a certain spatial and territorial unity of objects of recreation and tourism in the territory within certain limits

8. The ability of a certain territory to ensure the implementation of comfortable recreational activities without degradation of the natural and historical and cultural environment is:

a) a recreational facility;

c) recreational capacity

FEATURES OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

World practice demonstrates a great many examples of the construction of recreational facilities. The nomenclature of types of recreational objects (buildings, structures and their complexes) is diverse and diverse. This diversity is due to the richness of combinations of various forms of recreation and the structure of the contingent of tourists.

Important for determining the optimal size of the recreational complex are environmental and psycho-emotional factors of recreation. The formation of recreational complexes, taking into account these factors, today should be considered as a priority direction in defiance of the established "economically profitable" approach, which in practice turns into exorbitant exploitation of recreational resources due to reckless entrepreneurial intentions. The recommendations published in the special press on the size of recreational centers, taking into account these factors, are contradictory and require clarification and additional research.

World experience in recreational construction demonstrates examples of the construction of both super-large, with a very high capacity, recreational complexes, as well as small, almost miniature ones. For example, the capacity of large complexes consisting of boarding houses and hotels on the seaside of Antalya is comparable in terms of the number of vacationers to the population of a small town, and the capacity of a small conurbation of villas is limited to a few families. In view of this, it is permissible to classify recreational complexes according to the number of vacationers into mini-complexes with a capacity of up to 500 people, complexes with a capacity of 500-2000 people, macro-complexes with a capacity of 2000-5000 people. and mega-complexes with a capacity of over 5000 people. The term "recreational center", which can often be found in the literature as a synonym for the word "complex", rather refers to macro- and mega-complexes. This term is most often used by authors to characterize large urban developments, such as polyfunctional complexes, specialized tourist villages, or even cities.

The complexity of assessing the territory for recreation purposes lies in the fact that different types of recreational activities require different resources and conditions. So, for winter recreation, the height of the snow cover is of great importance, for resort and medical recreation, the availability of balneological and medical resources, etc. is paramount. mountaineering, etc.). The main types of recreational activities include: recreational and health-improving (walking, beach-bathing recreation, non-categorical hiking trips, etc.), sports and health-improving (all types of amateur sports), recreational and educational (excursions "in nature" and cultural and historical places) and recreational and commercial (hunting, fishing, picking berries, mushrooms, herbariums, etc.). Even within the same group of recreational activities, sometimes mutually exclusive natural and climatic conditions are necessary. In other words, each type of recreational activity requires a special grouping of assessed factors and a special reading of their significance. At the same time, attention should be paid not only to "positive", but also to "negative" factors that can limit or even exclude the use of the territory for recreational purposes. So, swampiness reduces the attractiveness of the area, since it creates additional difficulties in organizing routes, besides, swamps are the nuclei of the settlement of blood-sucking insects, which makes rest in wetlands uncomfortable and unpleasant.

Conducting a comprehensive assessment using factor analysis methods involves the step-by-step implementation of the following procedures (assessment stages):

1 step- allocation and grouping of factors (attributes) on which the assessment is carried out;

2 step- determination of the intensity and level of the factor (feature);

3 step- development of evaluation criteria and evaluation scales;

4 step- scoring for each single factor;

5 step- conducting a comprehensive scoring for the entire group of factors;

6 step- ranking and categorization of units of the territory with the establishment of their priority.

The first question to be answered before conducting an assessment is what should be chosen as the territorial unit of consideration?

In the existing methods, the landscape and its fragments are subject to recreational assessment. In geography, a landscape is understood as a natural geographical complex in which all the main components: relief, climate, water, soil, flora and fauna are in complex interaction and interdependence, forming a single inseparable system. Taking "landscape" as the object of study, it is important to make one clarification. The geographical interpretation of the landscape is constantly trying to "grab", but still does not "grasp" one subtle, but extremely important matter, these are the aesthetic (sensually perceived) qualities of the landscape. These qualities, captured by the ordinary meanings of the word "landscape", remain, as it were, on the sidelines (besides the geographical interpretation of the word "landscape" there are two others: 1) the general appearance of the area; 2) a picture depicting nature, the same as a landscape).

For an architect dealing with the secrets of the spatial organization of natural-artificial objects of a particular territory, who studies its compositional properties, including aesthetic ones, it seems more familiar and more productive to place the concept of "place" in the center of attention. The word "place" in Russian has a universal meaning, it can mean a very small area (a corner of a room, a chair, a mat - "my place"), and a very large area (area). In contrast to the concept of "landscape", focused on physical ( naturalistic) aspects, the concept of "place" contains both physical-geographical and cultural-historical meaning (it is impossible to adequately describe a historical place, say, Kulikovo field, Poklonnaya Gora and the Pazyryk tract only in geographical terms), and phenomenal manifestations ("spirit places"). Thus, the object of study is the landscape, in its broadest sense, or otherwise - the place, its physical-geographical, cultural-historical, phenomenological characteristics.

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