What is sound? This is the minimum component of human speech. Depicted in letters. In written form, sounds differ from letters by the presence of square brackets at the first, used in phonetic transcription. The letter is o, the sound is [o]. The transcription shows differences in spelling and pronunciation. Apostrophe [ ‘ ] indicates soft pronunciation.

In contact with

The sounds are divided into:

• Vowels. They can be pulled easily. When they are created, the language does not accept active participation, fixing in one position. The sound is created due to changes in the position of the tongue, lips, various vibrations of the vocal cords and the force of air supply. Length of vowels – basis of vocal art(chanting, “singing smoothly”).
• Consonant sounds a are pronounced with the participation of the tongue, which, occupying a certain position and shape, creates an obstacle to the movement of air from the lungs. This leads to noise in the oral cavity. At the output they are converted into sound. Also, the free passage of air is hampered by the lips, which close and open during speech.

Consonants are divided into:

• voiceless and voiced. Deafness and sonority of sound depend on the functioning of the speech apparatus;
• hard and soft. The sound is determined by the position of the letter in the word.

Letters representing consonants

Deaf

Voiceless in Russian: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh]. The easiest way to remember is a phrase, and not a set of letters, “Styopka, do you want a cheek? Fi!” containing them all.

An example in which all consonant sounds are unvoiced: rooster, honeycomb, pin.

Voiced

When they are formed, the shape of the tongue is close to the form that produces voiceless sounds, but vibrations are added. Voiced consonant sounds create active vibrations of the ligaments. Vibrations deform the sound wave, and not a pure stream of air enters the oral cavity, but sound. Subsequently, it is further transformed by the tongue and lips.

Voiced consonants include: b, c, g, d, g, z, j, l, m, n, r.

When they are pronounced, tension is clearly felt in the larynx area. In addition, it is almost impossible to speak them clearly in a whisper.

A word in which all consonants are voiced: Rome, pride, ash, estuary.

Summary table of consonants (voiceless and voiced).

It is due to the change in sound that Russian speech is enriched with various words that are similar in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning. For example: house - volume, court - itch, code - year.

Paired consonants

What does pairing mean? Two letters that are similar in sound and, when pronounced, take similar positions with the tongue, are called paired consonants. The pronunciation of consonants can be divided into one-stage (lips and tongues are involved in their creation) and two-stage - the ligaments are connected first, then the mouth. Those cases when, during pronunciation, mouth movements coincide and create pairs.

Summary table of paired consonants taking into account hardness and softness

In speech, it is common not to pronounce each letter, but to “eat” it. This is not an exception only for Russian speech. This is found in almost all languages ​​of the world and is especially noticeable in English. In Russian, this effect is subject to the rule: paired consonant sounds replace (auditory) each other during speech. For example: love – [l’ u b o f’].

But not everyone has their own pair. There are some that are not similar in pronunciation to any others - these are unpaired consonants. The reproduction technique differs from the pronunciation of other sounds and combines them into groups.

Paired consonants

Unpaired consonants

The first group can be pronounced softly. The second has no analogues in pronunciation.

Unpaired consonants are divided into:

• sonors – [y’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]. When they are pronounced, a stream of air hits the upper sky, like a dome;
• hissing – [x], [x’], [ts], [h’], [sch’].

The Russian language contains letters that are difficult to understand in context. Are the sounds [ch], [th], [ts], [n] voiced or unvoiced? Learn these 4 letters!

Important![h] - deaf! [th] - sonorous! [ts] is deaf! [n] – sonorous!

Unpaired consonants

Hard and soft

They are the same in spelling, but different in sound. Voiceless and voiced consonants, with the exception of hissing ones, can be pronounced hard or soft. For example: [b] was – [b`] beat; [t] current – ​​[t`] flowed.

When pronouncing hard words, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the palate. Soft ones are formed by pressing to the upper palate of the middle part of the tongue.

In speech, the sound is determined by the letter following the consonant.

Vowels form pairs: a-ya, u-yu, e-e, y-i, o-yo.

Double vowels (I, ё, yu, e) are pronounced in one of two combinations: the sound [th] and a paired vowel from E, O, U, A or soft sign and a paired vowel. For example, the word cabin boy. It is pronounced [y] [y] [n] [g] [a]. Or the word mint. It is pronounced as: [m’] [a] [t] [a]. The vowels A, O, U, E, Y do not have a double sound, therefore do not affect the pronunciation of the preceding consonant.

Example difference:

A spoon is a hatch, honey is a sea, a house is a woodpecker.

Phonetic transcription:

[Spoon] – [L’ u k], [m’ o d] – [m o r’ e], [house] – [d’ a t e l].

Pronunciation rules:

• solid ones are pronounced before A, O, U, E, Y. Abscess, side, beech, Bentley, former;
• soft ones are pronounced before Ya, Yo, Yu, E, I. Revenge, honey, whale, mashed potatoes, mint;
• hard ones are pronounced if they are followed by another consonant: death. After the consonant [s] there is a consonant [m]. Regardless of whether the M is soft, voiced or hard, the S is pronounced firmly;
• hard ones are pronounced if the letter comes last in the word: class, house;
• Consonants before the vowel [e] in borrowed words are pronounced firmly, as before [e]. For example: muffler – [k] [a] [w] [n] [e];
• always soft before b: elk, pulp.
• exceptions to the rules:
  • always solid F, W, C: life, thorns, cyanide;
  • always soft Y, H, Sh: white, black, pike.

In the elementary grades, the basis of a person’s spelling literacy is formed.

Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. This is often associated with paired consonants.

What is a paired consonant?

All consonants are in one or another opposition to each other in their characteristic features. One of them is the contrast between sounds based on deafness and voicedness.

Some consonants, while all other features coincide, such as the place of formation and the method of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the sound process. They are called pairs. The remaining consonants do not have a voiceless-voiced pair: l, m, x, ts, ch, shch, y.

Paired consonants are given here. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling “Verified consonants in the root of a word.”

Spelling rule for paired consonants

During pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchangeable. But this process is not reflected in writing. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. This is how the principle of uniformity of morphemes is implemented in the Russian language. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.

The rule can be stated in the following paragraphs:

• the root of the word is always written the same way, since semantics depends on this;
• spelling needs to be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
• You must select as a test one the one that has either a vowel sound or a sonorant sound after the dubious consonant (р,л,м,н,й).

This can be seen in the examples from the table: consonant spellings appear either at the end of words or before other paired sounds. In test words they are located before vowels or before phonemes that are unpaired in voicing.

Application of the rule

The spelling of paired consonants needs to be practiced. You need to start by developing the ability to see the spelling pattern being studied. This will be the end of a word or a combination of consonants, in which sounds begin to influence the sound of each other - the subsequent one changes the quality of the pronunciation of the previous one.

When we know what a paired consonant is, it is not difficult to draw a conclusion about which option to choose:

• bo[p] - beans - bean;
• bro [t] - broda - ford;
• bro[f"] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
• nail[t"] - nails - nail;
• vegetable garden [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
• dro [sh] - trembling - trembling;
• stripe [s]ka - stripe - stripe;
• ko[z"]ba - mow - mowing;
• re[z"]ba - cut - carving;
• goro[d"]ba - fence - gorodba;
• kro[v"] - blood - blood;
• str[sh] - guard - guard.

Paired consonants. Examples of differentiating words

Deafness and voicedness are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:

• (soup) thick - (above the river) bush;
• (telegraph) pole - (Alexandria) pillar;
• bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
• (unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
• (bouquet) of roses - (boy) grew up;
• (new) house - (thick) volume.

In weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of “roses” and “ros”, verification is required to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require careful attention.

Test on the topic studied

grass[..]ka, fish[..]ka, zu[..]ki, arbu[..], lo[..]ka, kor[..]ka, ko[..]ti.

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping

6. F or W?

Boots...ki, doro...ki, bum...ki, cro...ki, ro...ki, vice..ki, bara...ki, lo...ki, game...ki, cha...ki, lay down...ki.

• g...ki (__________);
• fl...ki (__________);
• gr... (__________);
• gla... (__________);
• jump...ki (____________);
• lo...ka (____________);
• horse (______________);
• zu.. (_______).

Sha(p/b)ka, provo(d/t), kru(g/k), povya(s/z)ka, myo(d/t), su(d/t), sla(d/t) cue, oshi(b/p)ka, doba(v/f)ka, uka(z/s)ka.

9. Insert letters in the text:

Swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is, like a dream..., white, graceful, he has shiny eyes, black varnishes and a long, flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Correct errors:

• I love reading stories.
• How fragrant the strawberries are!
• Carrots are sown on the beds.
• A flexible birch tree flutters its petals in the wind.
• The tray floated on the lake.
• Berek is gradually approaching.
• Storosh is not sleeping.
• A mongrel rattles loudly in the yard.
• Yosh rustles in the bushes.

Answers

1. What is a paired consonant? A consonant that has a pair of deafness or voicedness.

2. Complete the sentence:

To check paired consonants, you need choose a test word.

3. Highlight the words that need checking:

immer..ka, underwater... smooth, smart... horse, careful..prepare, du..ki, l o...ki, other..ny.

4. Write the sounds in square brackets:

grass[V]ka, lo[D]ka, zu[B]ki, arbu[Z], lo[D]ka, koro[B]ka, ko[G]ti.

5. Underline the test word:

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - ditch, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping

6. F or W?

Boots, paths, pieces of paper, crumbs, horns, powders, lambs, spoons, toys, cups, frogs.

7. Write down the test words and insert letters instead of dots:

• beeps(beep);
• checkboxes(checkbox);
• griB (mushrooms);
• glaZ (eyes);
• jumping (jump);
• boat (boat);
• horse(horses);
• tooth teeth).

8. Choose the correct option:

Hat, wire, circle, bandage, honey, court, sweet, mistake, additive, pointer.

9. Insert letters in the text:

The swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is like snow, white, graceful, he has sparkling eyes, black paws and a long flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Correct errors:

• I love reading fairy tales.
• How fragrant the strawberries are!
• Carrots are sown in the beds.
• A flexible birch tree flutters its petals in the wind.
• The boat was sailing on the lake.
• The coastline is gradually approaching.
• The watchman is not sleeping.
• A mongrel barks loudly in the yard.
• The hedgehog rustles in the bushes.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Voiceless and voiced consonants

Voiceless and voiced consonants

§ 79. General rule. Paired voiceless consonants p, f, t, s(and corresponding soft ones), k, w at the end of words and before voiceless consonants can be represented by letters, respectively P or b, f or V, T or d, With or h, To or G, w or and . The same letters can convey paired voiced consonants b, c, d, h(and corresponding soft ones), g, f before paired voiced consonants (except V). To correctly write a consonant letter in these cases, you need to choose another form of the same word or another word, where in the same significant part of the word (same root, prefix, suffix) the consonant being tested is located before the vowel or before the consonants r, l, m, n, v(and corresponding soft ones), as well as before j(in writing - before separators ъ And b , see § 27-28). Examples:

Consonants in roots and suffixes:

1) at the end of a word: du b (cf. oak, oak), glu P (stupid, stupid), gra be (rob), sy drink (sprinkle), But With (noses), in h (carts), th d (of the year), kro T (mole), wife T (married), hand V (sleeves), kro ve (blood, blood), shtra f (fines, fine, penalty), vymo To (get wet, wet, wet), blue To (bruises), mo G (maybe, could), small w (baby, baby), monta and (installation, assembly), draw yeah (tremble, tremble); Wed starved s (frost, frost, freeze) And starved s (drizzle, drizzle);

2) before consonants:

a) in front of the deaf: du b ki(cf. oaks, oak tree), shaking P ka (rag, rag, rag, rag), ku P tsa (merchant), O V tsa (sheep), lo V cue (dexterous), hand V chick (sleeves), shka f chick (cabinets), neither h cue (low), mi With ka (bowls), Va s ka (Vasya), Ku s ka (Kuzya, Kuzma), ka d ka (tub), meh T cue (marks), co G you (claw), lo To you (elbow), be G quality (running, fugitive), lo and ka (spoon, spoon), room w ka (little rooms), wings w co (wings); Wed back and forth and ku (alternate) And back and forth w ku (mix), su P chick (soups) And su b chick (subject);

b) before paired voiced ones (except V): molo t ba (thresh), matchmaker yeah ba (weddings, bridal; don't check with words woo), xo yeah ba (walk), about s ba (ask), re s ba (cut), ox w ba (magic), bo and ba (swear), lies and Yes (hostile), and gu (burned, burn), and give (wait).

Exceptions: in words holed And gaping is written With , although there are verbs open(Xia), open(Xia) And open up(Xia), open up(Xia). In words abstraction, reaction, correction is written To (Although abstract, react, correct), in a word transcription is written P (Although transcribe); in these cases, the letter reflects the alternations of consonants in the source language (Latin). About relations of type prognosis - prognostic, diagnosis - diagnostics see § 81, paragraph 2, Note 1.

Note. In some words the letter G sound is transmitted X: God (gods, gods), light, lighter (easy), soft, softer (soft, soft). Words soft, softer, soften etc. should not be checked with words like pulp, soften, soften.

Consonants in prefixes (before a voiceless or paired voiced consonant, except V): V walk, V beat(cf. enter, get in), on d prick (cut, tear), O b hew, oh b fry (cut off, cut off, go around), O T talk about T call, oh T advise (wean off), By d throw, by d quit, by d send (bring, send), With do, With be cunning (be able to, be able to, get rid of), Pre d Carpathia (Cis-Urals).

Note. About the spelling of prefixes ending in h , see § 82.

§ 80. The spelling of unverified consonants in roots is determined in dictionary order, for example: A b Sep, a b salty, ane To DotA P theca, and P Sida, and With best, but f Ghanaians, V friend, in To hall, V second, G de, zi G zag, cosmona V That b oh P that, oh f set, ryu To zach, With Bruya, then G Yes, f thor, ugh T bol, uh To replacements.

Consonants in the following prefixes, suffixes, and endings are unverifiable.

Consoles. Letter To written in prefixes the ex- And extra-: ex-champion, ex-president, extraterritorial, extraordinary, extra-class. Letter With is written in the prefix dis-: disqualification, discomfort, disproportion, disharmony, imbalance; cf., however, disassociation, disjunction, where before the vowel and before j pronounced and written h .

Suffixes. Letter V written in suffixes of participles and gerunds ?vsh(th), ?lice, ?in: having taken away, having read, having taken, having taken, having read; letter and - in the suffix of adverbs ?times: twice, once, four times; letter d before ts - in numerals ending in ?twenty, ?eleven: twenty, thirty, eleven, sixteen.

Endings. Letter V written at the end of the forms gender. p.m. including nouns like houses, cities, chairs; letter T - at the end of the 3rd person forms units. and many more including verbs: knows, sleeps, writes, draws, walks, grumbles; letters sew - at the end of the 2nd person form. hours present - bud. time: you know, you write, you go, you give.

§ 81. Words with combinations of consonants sk, st, zg, zd. In these combinations the first consonant is usually unverifiable. When writing words containing these very common groups of consonants, you need to be guided by the following patterns of letter combinations.

1. There are no stems in the Russian language that end in letter combinations sg, sd , but there are only basics on zg, zh (b ); are written: brain (brain), clang, squeal, small fry; thrush, gorazd, nail, nest, star, train, passage etc. At the beginning of the roots they write zg, zh: no way (can not see), here, health, building; exception: muffin, rich.

2. Letter combinations predominate at the end of stems sk, st (b ); are written: start (launch), search, risk, melancholy, gloss, arabesque, Bryansk, Kursk, adjectives with suffix ?sk- (royal, seaside, factory); tail, leaf, cross, bush, place, for now, simple, pure, revenge, envy, hatred, words with suffixes ?ist (guitarist, football player), ?awn (courage, greed), ?ist(th) (hilly, intermittent), ?ast(th) (big-eyed, toothy). Same combination st - in suffixes ?stv(O) (wealth, witchcraft, Cossacks), ?stvenn(th) (feminine), ?stvova(t) (to be angry, to be awake), in the attachment fast- (postmodernism, post-Soviet), at the end ?st (yes, I'll get bored).

At the beginning of the bases and roots of letter combinations zk, zz are missing, but are written sk, st , eg: scratch, creak, cheekbone, wall, groan, step, country.

Note 1. Letter combination st as part of the stems of nouns and adjectives it is also written in those words where in place st in other related words there is a combination zm , eg: sarcastic(cf. sarcasm), spastic, spasticity (spasm), atavistic (atavism), aphoristic, aphoristic (aphorism), snobbish (snobbery), Bolshevik (Bolshevism), enthusiast (enthusiasm); in several words (foreign borrowings) combination st corresponds in words with the same root consonant h: prognostic, prognostication (forecast), diagnostic, diagnosis, diagnostician (diagnosis), paraphrastic (paraphrase), periphrastic (paraphrase).

Note 2. Letter combination zt occurs only at the junction of the root and the suffix indeterminate form(infinitive) verb: climb, gnaw, crawl, carry; letter combination zk - only at the junction of root and suffix ?To-, eg: close, vile, grease, cart, dragonfly. In all these cases the consonant h is checked according to the general rule § 79.

§ 82. Prefixes ending in salary. Consoles without-, from-, from-, from-, from-, from- (rose-), through- (through) are written according to a special rule: before letters representing voiceless consonants ( k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, sch), the letter is written in them With , and in other cases - the letter h , eg: useless, plow, use, bite, wither, count, overthrow, trample, package, common, price, stir, splitting, painting, striped; but: mediocre, weak-willed, tasteless, trouble-free, take a nap, excite, beat, wear out, bring down, chop, wanted, through the grain, excessive.

Note. In a compound console under- letter is written With: from under the brows, on the sly, from below.