63. At the end of the 2nd person singular verbs are written -sh: teach sew , teach sew Xia.

64. Personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation: -u(-y), -eat, -et, -eat, -e, -ut(-yut); II conjugation: -u(-yu), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at(-yat) .

When personal endings are stressed, then it becomes clear what to write: -eat or -hey , -ut or -at etc. In order not to make mistakes in the spelling of verbs with unstressed personal endings, you need to remember that among such verbs there are endings of the second conjugation: 1) verbs ending in the indefinite form with -it ; 2) eleven of the following verbs: drive, hold, breathe, hear, turn, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure, as well as derivatives from them. The remaining verbs have I conjugation endings.

Exception. Verb shave- I conjugation, although it ends in -it: you shave, shave.

Note 1. It is useful to remember: they're rut I t, holding A t, breathe A t, hear A t, vert I t, view I t, stuck I t, hate I t, insult I t, look I t, terp I T.

Verb want in the singular - I conjugation, and in the plural. part - II conjugation: want, want, wants, want, want, want.

Note 2. About how to write unstressed endings in a verb with a prefix You- , must be judged by the unprefixed verb: vysp And shya - sp And sew, drink e sh - drink e sew.

Note 3: Along with the form lay (spread out, spread out etc.) there is a colloquial form lay (lay down, spread out etc.) Personal endings are used only depending on the form lay, i.e. I conjugation: you lay it down (make your bed, make your bed), stem (spread, spread), ... lay (lay down, spread out).

65. In the personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation after sibilants, under stress instead O is written her): attracts e T, LJ e T.

66. Infinitive endings for verbs: -t, -whose, -ti, -tsya, -tsya, -tsya.

Distinguish indefinite endings -tsya from 3rd person endings -tsya questions help: the indefinite form answers the question what to do? (or do?), and the 3rd person - to the questions what is he doing? (or will they? will they?) what is being done?

For example: Comrade wants(what to do?) study. He thinks(what to do?) do math. He(what will it do?) will do math.

67. In the imperative mood it is written after consonants b: sit down b , cut off b , eat b . Letter b remains in plural. h.: sit down b those, cut off b those, eat b those, and also - before -xia: throw b — throw b Xia, namaz b — namaz b Xia.

Exception. From the verb lie down imperative mood l I G, l I where.

68. Indefinite and past tense suffixes -ova-, -eva- are written when the 1st person verb ends in -yu, -yu: conversations O chat (talk), mountains e I'm grieving (I'm grieving), in e fight (fight); if the 1st person ends in -I am, -I am no emphasis on A, then in an indefinite form and in the past tense it is written s, and: story s vayu - to tell, review And vayu - to consider; when stressed on A is written -evayu, -evayu: overcome e vat - overcome e vayu, over e vat - over e vayu and so on.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object.

At night the weather became noisy, the river became agitated, and a splinter burned out in the man’s smoky hut. The children are sleeping, the housewife is dozing, the husband is lying on the bed, the storm is blowing; suddenly he hears: someone is knocking on the window. (P.)

Words: knocks, howls, makes noise, gets excited, burns out, listens-denote the actions of an object. Words: sleeping, dozing, lying- indicate the condition of the item. The verb answers the questions: /i>what does the object do? what is being done with it? The student (what is he doing?) is reading a story. The story (what is being done with it?) is read by the students.

Changing the verb.

A verb, denoting an action, can also indicate the time when the action is performed. The verb has three tenses: present, past and future.

I knock (present tense), knocked (past tense), I will knock, I will knock (future tense).

The verb has 3 persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and two numbers: singular and plural.

In the past tense, the verb has no special personal endings, and the person is expressed only by a personal pronoun.

For example: I knocked, you knocked, he knocked. In the past tense, the verb changes according to gender and number: brother knocked (masculine), sister knocked ( feminine), something knocked (neuter gender), we knocked (myoj. number).

Changing the verb according to persons, tenses and numbers is called conjugation.

Verbs can end with the particle -sya or Verbs ending t-sya(-s), are called returnable. After consonants and th used -xia, and after vowels -s: washes - washes, soap - washed, wash - wash, my - wash, mine - wash, washed - washed.

The role of the verb in a sentence.

In a sentence, the verb is usually predicate. The predicate-verb denotes the action or state of an object that is the subject of a given sentence, and agrees with the subject in number and person, and in the past tense - in number and gender.

We boldly rush towards the enemy; after us the red cavalry rushed into battle; the enemy hastily retreats.

We rush. Predicate let's rush agrees with the subject we in person and number.

The cavalry rushed. Predicate rushed agrees with the subject cavalry in gender and number.

Indefinite form, or infinitive

The verb has a special form, which only names the action, does not itself indicate time, number, or person and is therefore called an indefinite form, or infinitive; read, cherish, carry, come. The infinitive form of the verb answers the question: what to do? what to do?

The infinitive form of the verb ends in -t, -ti: build, carry. There is a special group of verbs with an indefinite form in -ch. Verbs have -whose the stem in the present tense ends in G or to: I can, I can, I bake, I bake, I take care, I take care. Here we find the alternation G And To with sound h.

Letter b remains in an indefinite form in front of the particle -xia: build - build, take care - take care.

Note. The indefinite form of the verb is derived from the verbal noun. That's why she doesn't indicate the time and person. Our language still retains several words that can be both nouns and verbs, for example: hot oven (noun), bake pies (verb); big leak (noun), water stopped flowing (verb); old noble nobility (noun), wants to know a lot (verb).

Types of verbs.

Verbs can be imperfect and perfect form.

1. Imperfective verbs show an unfinished action or a repeated action: work, scream, sleep, buy, take, throw, look in.

Verbs of the imperfect form form the future tense using an auxiliary verb: I Will work.

Note. Verbs that denote only a repeated action are said to be of the multiple type if there is a verb with a continuous meaning nearby: read (when reading), walk (and walk), sit (when sitting).

2. Perfect verbs show the completeness of the action: buy, take, bring, leave, read, write.

Perfective verbs cannot have the present tense; the form of the present tense has the meaning of the future for them: I will buy, I will take, I will start, I will bring, I will leave, I will read, I will write, I will speak.

Note. Verbs of the perfect form, which denote an action that happened only once, are said to be of the one-time type. These are especially the case with verbs with the suffix -path, which preserve it in the past tense: jump when jump (cf. jumped), spit, spit (cf. spat), shout when scream (cf. shouted).

Formation of verb types.

Majority simple verbs refers to the imperfect form: to carry, write, work. However, give, lie down, sit down, stand, child and a number of verbs: buy, throw, finish, let, forgive, decide, captivate, deprive, etc. will be of the perfect form.

Note. Some simple verbs have both perfective and imperfective meanings: to wound, to marry.

This also includes many verbs in -irate and -ovate: telegraph, organize, attack.

Complex verbs with prefixes in the vast majority of cases belong to the perfect form: bring, leave, read, sign, speak, sketch, throw. However, verbs are complex, formed from verbs wear, drive, carry, walk, run, fly, will be mostly imperfect. For example: bring, take away, bring in, enter, leave, etc.; take out, bring out, take out, go out (but in&carry, take out, go out etc. will be perfect); bring in, take down (but putting in a shirt, taking off boots, etc. will be perfect).

I. Almost every perfective verb can be used to form an imperfective verb with the same meaning: give-give, start-start, bring-bring, etc.

The main way of forming imperfective verbs from the corresponding perfective verbs is the suffix -yva or -two, and often the root o alternates with a, and the final root consonant of a number of verbs alternates according to: read-read, smear - lubricate, sign - sign, rise - scoot, jump - jump, push - push, smooth - smooth, hang - hang, freeze - freeze, ask - ask, manure - manure, nip - nip, feed - feed, accumulate - accumulate etc. etc.

Another way to form imperfective verbs is to change the suffix -And- to suffix -I-(or -A- after sibilants) with the same changes in final root consonants as in the previous case: meet - meet, peel - peel, give birth - give birth, illuminate - illuminate, design - design, get ahead - get ahead, load - load, finish-finish, decide-decide, surround - surround and so on.

The third way of forming verbs of the imperfect form is the suffix -A-, and the root e or I (A after hissing ones) often alternates with and: erase - erase, die - die, subtract - subtract, light - light, hush - hush, begin - begin.

2. The fourth way to form verbs of the imperfect form is the suffix -va-, used in cases where the root of the verb ends in a vowel: break-break, ripen-ripen, give (ladies) - give (I give), find out (learn) - find out (know).

Notes

• 1. In some cases, a completely different verb serves as an imperfect form to a perfect verb: take - take, say - speak, buy - buy, put - put, etc.
• 2. For some verbs, the imperfect form differs from the perfect form only in the place of stress: scatter (scatter) - scatter (scatter): trim (cut) - trim (cut); I find out (to find out) - I find out (to find out).

II. From simple verbs of the imperfect form, the perfect form is formed either by means of a suffix -Well-(single verbs): jump - jump, scream - shout etc. or through so-called “empty” prefixes that do not change the basic meaning of the word: o- (about-), po-, s-, na-, etc.: to grow stronger - to grow stronger, to please - to please, to destroy - to destroy, to do - to do, to write - to write, etc.

However, most simple verbs of the imperfect form do not form the perfect form: bite, sit, sleep, lie down etc. This also includes verbs welcome, be absent, participate and some others.

Alternation of vowels in the formation of species.

Sometimes the formation of species is associated with the alternation of vowel sounds in the root: die - die, lock up - lock up, throw away - throw away, light up - light up.

Table of alternation of vowels in verb roots during the formation of species.

Verb tenses.

The present tense of a verb means that the action occurs simultaneously with the moment of speech, that is, when it is spoken about.

1. The wind blows across the sea and propels the boat. He runs in the waves on swollen sails. (P.) 2. And caravans of ships sail under a scarlet flag from the midday seas along a concrete channel.

The present tense is also used to denote an action that is performed constantly, always. 1 The plant reaches towards the light source. 2. A person breathes with his lungs. 3. The northern shores of the USSR are washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

Past tense means that the action took place before the moment of speech. They defeated the atamans, dispersed the governors and Pacific Ocean finished our hike.

The future tense means that the action will take place after the moment of speech. 1. And if the enemy wants to take away our living joy in a stubborn battle, then we will sing a battle song and stand up for our Motherland. 2. We beat the enemies of the Soviet regime, we beat them and we will beat them.

Two verb stems.

The verb has two stems: the indefinite stem and the present tense.

To highlight the base of the indefinite form, it is necessary to discard the suffix from the verb of the indefinite form -t, -ti, for example: carry a piss.

The present tense stem is highlighted if the personal ending is dropped from the present tense or future simple verb, for example: write-ut, bear-ut, say-ut.

All verb forms are formed from these two stems.

Changing verbs according to persons and numbers.

Verbs in the present and future tenses change according to persons and numbers.

The first person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself: I work, read, study.

The second person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one to whom the speaker is speaking: you work, read, study.

The third person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one about whom they speak: he, she works, reads, studies.

In the plural, all these forms show that the action refers to more than one person: we work (we), work (you), work (they).

Present tense.

Personal endings.

Verbs with endings: -eat (-eat), ~et (-et), -eat (-et), -ete (-ete)3 -ut (-et) are called first conjugation verbs.

Verbs with endings -ish, -yga, -im, ~ite, -at, (-yat) are called verbs of the second conjugation.

For reflexive verbs, a particle is added to the personal ending -sya (s). I study, I study, I teach, I study, I teach, I study, well, I swim - I swim, I swim - I swim, I bathe - I swim,

Note. When conjugating some verbs, there is an alternation of consonants preceding the personal endings: shore - you take care (g - g); flow - flow (k - n) - in verbs of the first conjugation; I wear - you wear (w - s); I drive - you carry (f - h); I’m sitting - sitting (w-d); twist - twist (h - t); sad? - sad (w - st): love - love (6l-“6); catch - catch (ate - in); sculpt - sculpt (pl - p); feed - feed (ml - m); graflu - grafish (fl - f) - in verbs of the second conjugation.

Spelling personal verb endings.

At the end of the 2nd person singular of the verb after w letter is written b: you carry, you give, you hurry, you stand.

The letter b is retained in the 2nd person singular and in cases where a particle is added to the ending of the verb -running around, studying, swimming.

3. It is necessary to distinguish the indefinite form of verbs into -tsya 3rd person singular and plural present time on -tsya. We must remember that b written only in the indefinite form: he can(what to do?) work(indefinite form), but He(what is he doing?) works(3rd person).

Spelling of verbs of the first and second conjugation.

Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations differ in hearing if the stress falls on the personal endings.

You go, you go, you go, you go, you go-1st conjugation.

In a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry-:2nd conjugation.

If the stress falls on the stem, then the personal endings of verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations are almost the same by ear. For example: you prick - you saw, you prick - you saw. In such cases, the conjugation of the verb is determined by its indefinite form.

Of the verbs with unstressed personal endings, the 2nd conjugation includes:

1. All verbs with unstressed personal endings, having an indefinite form in ~it, for example: build - you are building, they are building; to love - you love, they love (except for the verb shave - you shave, they shave).

2. Seven verbs per -to: watch, see, depend, hate, offend, endure, twist.

3. Four verbs per -at: hear, breathe, hold, drive.

These verbs in the 1st singular form do not have present tense suffixes -e-, -a-: look - I look, see - I see, breathe - I breathe, hear - I hear. Compare: blush - blush(1st conjugation verb, suffix -e- exists at the base) and answer - answer(also 1st conjugation, with the suffix -o- at the base).

All other verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.

Note. Verbs with a prefix belong to the same conjugation as the unprefixed verbs from which they are formed: If you get enough sleep, you sleep, if you bear it, you carry it. (I. Utkin.)

Variably conjugated verbs.

Verbs want and run are called heteroconjugated. They are conjugated partly according to the 1st, partly according to the 2nd conjugation;

Singular Plural.

I want to run we want to run

do you want to run do you want to run

he wants to run they want to run

Verbs are specially conjugated eat and give:

I eat I'll give you we eat we'll give you

you eat you give you eat you give

he eats will give they eat will give

Verbs derived from these verbs are also conjugated: eat, eat, give out, give away, etc.

Note. In the Old Russian language, the auxiliary verb to be was also conjugated in a special way: I am, we are, you are, you are, he is, they are

In modern literary language Only the 3rd person forms have been preserved: there is also less of a point.

Past tense.

The verb in the past tense has no personal endings: I read, you read, he read (compare with the endings of the present tense: I read, you read, he reads).

The verb in the past tense in the singular changes according to gender: The steamer has sailed, the boat has sailed, the ship has sailed.

IN masculine there is no generic ending, c. in the feminine gender the gender ending is -A, average -o: took, took-a, took-o.

In the plural, the past tense verb does not change according to gender and has the ending -i. Compare: students read-and - students read-and.

The past tense is formed by adding the suffix -l to the stem of the indefinite form: run-bezyua-l, walk-walk-l, build-build-l. Before the suffix -l the vowel that comes in an indefinite form before -t: see - saw, hear - heard.

In the masculine gender, after the consonant sound at the end of the word, the suffix -l drops out: crawled - crawled, carried - carried, carried - carried, wiped - wiped.

Reflexive verbs in the past tense have a particle at the end -xia or -s: took care, took care: took care, took care; took care, took care; took care, took care.

Notes

• 1. For verbs ending in the indefinite form with -sti and -ch, the past tense is formed from the stem of the present tense, and the final t and d skipped: row - rowed - rowed, rowed; take care - take care - take care, take care; oven - bake-o-pek, bake-shi; weave - weave-u - weave-l, weave-li; lead - ved-u - ve-l, ve-li. In imperfective verbs with an indefinite form in -ku-t, the past tense is formed with the omission of the suffix -well-: dry-well - dry, dry: frozen-well, frozen, frozen.
• 2. The change of the past tense verb by gender, and not by person, is explained by the origin of the past tense. It came from a special complex form of the past tense, which was a combination of a verbal adjective (participle) with the suffix -l and the auxiliary verb to be. The verb adjective changed according to gender and number, and the auxiliary verb - according to person: did it (i.e. I did it) did it (i.e. you did it), did it (i.e. he did it), did it (i.e. she did it).

Later auxiliary verb be they started to miss. The past tense began to be denoted by one word, that is, a verbal adjective that retained its generic endings.

Verbal adjectives in -l in the Old Russian language they could be not only short, but also complete. The remainder of the complete ones are adjectives such as former (compare the verb was), mature (compare mature), skillful (compare could), etc.

Future

The future tense can be simple and complex. Verbs of the perfect form have a simple future tense: to do - I will do, to decide - I will decide. The future is complex for imperfective verbs: do - I will do, decide - I will decide.

The future simple consists of one word and has the same personal endings as the present tense: to do, to decide - I will do, I will decide; you will do it, you will decide; will do, decide.

The future complex is formed from the future tense of the verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb: I will do it, I will decide. Verb be, with the help of which the future tense is formed, is called in this case an auxiliary verb.

Use of tenses.

In our speech, we sometimes use one tense to mean another.

1. The present tense is sometimes used to mean the past: the past is told as if it were now passing before one’s eyes. This helps to vividly imagine what is being said. I was returning home from the station last night, walking along a dark street. I'm in a hurry. Suddenly I see: near the nearest lantern something is getting dark.

2. The present tense is used to mean the future. To make things more vivid, we talk about the future as if it were already happening. I often paint myself a picture of my future life: I finish school, go to university, study in the winter, and in the summer I certainly go on an excursion.

3. We use the future simple tense to mean the past when we talk about something that has been repeated several times.

I remember that my old friend would come to me in the evening, sit down next to me and begin to talk about his travels to the distant north.

The future tense in the meaning of the past is also used in combination with the word it happened. In winter, it used to be that in the dead of night we would lay down a daring troika... (P.)

4. We use the future simple in the meaning of the past when we talk about something that happened unexpectedly. I came closer to the girl, and she screamed.

Impersonal verbs.

A special group of verbs consists of impersonal verbs.

Impersonal verbs mostly denote natural phenomena (it's getting dark, it's freezing) or various states and experiences of a person (fever, unwell, remember, think).

In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, but they represent an action without an agent. With them there is not and cannot be a subject.

Impersonal verbs do not change according to persons and numbers. They have in the present and future tense only one form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past tense only a neuter form: It's getting dark - it's getting dark, it's getting dark - it's getting dark, it's getting feverish - it's getting feverish.

Note. Impersonal verbs like feverish, chilly, freezing, were once personal. This was in those distant times when people did not yet know how to fight nature, they believed in the existence of supernatural forces, good and evil, and explained the action of these mysterious forces and various natural phenomena and the human condition. When they spoke feverish, freezing, They thought that both fever and frost were the actions of some special mysterious force, some supernatural being.

Transitive and intransitive verbs.

Verbs, according to their meaning and how they are connected in a sentence with other words, are divided into two groups: transitive and intransitive.

Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in the accusative case without a preposition: I take (what?) a book and see off (who?) my sister.

The remaining verbs are intransitive: I lie down, sleep, walk, run, do (what?), hope (for what?).

Notes

• 1. Transitive verbs can be used in intransitive meaning. Then after them it is impossible to pose the question of whom? What? Compare: The boy draws a dog (the verb draws is transitive) and Brother draws well (that is, he generally draws well, knows how to draw well; here the verb draws is used in an intransitive meaning).
• 2. After transitive verbs with negation, the name of the object to which the action is transferred may not be in the accusative case, but in the genitive case: read a book, but did not read the book, saw mountains, but did not see mountains. In the genitive case there is the name of the object even if the action of the transitive verb extends not to the entire object, but to part of it: drank water (i.e. part of the water), tried kvass, bought sugar. This is only possible with perfect verbs.

The meaning of reflexive verbs.

Reflexive verbs formed from any transitive verb are intransitive: lift (transitive) - rise (intransitive), wash (transitive) - wash (intransitive), meet (transitive) - meet (intransitive).

Note. There are verbs that are not reflexive: I walk, I sleep, I sing. On the contrary, there are also verbs that are used only as reflexives: I'm afraid, I laugh, I admire, I work.

Particle -xia in reflexive verbs has several meanings. The most important of them are the following.

a) Particle -xia denotes only the intransitivity of an action, i.e. an action that is not directed at any object: the dog bites, the horse rushes, the sea is rough, the fog rises.

b) Particle -xia gives the verb its own reflexive meaning: it indicates that the action returns to the actor himself. Compare: bathe (who?) a child and bathe (i.e. bathe oneself).

c) Particle -xia gives the verb a reciprocal meaning: it indicates that the action occurs between two or more actors or objects. With these verbs you can ask a question with whom? with what? For example: meet(with whom? - with a friend), fight, fight.

d) Particle -xia gives the verb a passive meaning.. With these verbs you can ask questions by whom? how? For example: Rocks (subject) are eroded by (what?) water. Compare: Water erodes rocks.

e) Particle -xia gives the verb an impersonal meaning. At the same time, she indicates that the action is performed as if by itself, against anyone’s will. With these verbs you can ask questions to whom? what? For example: I can’t sleep (who?) (compare: he doesn’t sleep), he doesn’t want to, I think.

Note. Origin of verbs -xia. In the Old Russian language, after transitive verbs, the short form wine could be used. pad. units including the reflexive pronoun sya (i.e. yourself). For example, wash(i.e. wash yourself). Previously, xia was a separate member of the sentence and could stand in different places sentences, i.e. in Old Russian one could say: I want to wash myself (I want to wash myself).

Later, the pronoun xia turned from an independent word into a particle, began to be used only after the verb, and finally merged with it into one word. In this case, the verb changed from transitive to intransitive. ¦

Compare: wash (who? or what?) and wash (yourself), dress (who? or what?) and dress (yourself).

Inclinations.

The verb has three moods - indicative, subjunctive and imperative.

The indicative mood of a verb denotes an action that has happened, is happening, or will actually happen: read - read - will read; I read it - I'll read it. The indicative mood has three tenses: present, past and future.

The subjunctive (or conditional) mood denotes an action that is possible or desirable. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would: You should have come home earlier. If it were yesterday good weather, we would go boating.

The particle can appear either after or before the verb, and can also be separated from the verb in other words: If the best rider on the most fast horse galloped along our borders, he would have spent about two years on this unprecedented run in the world.

The imperative mood denotes an order, command, as well as a request, a wish. Verbs in the imperative mood are used in the 2nd person singular and plural: carry - carry, work, work, cook - cook.

Formation of the imperative mood.

The imperative mood is formed from the present tense stem in two ways.

Some verbs add an ending to the base of the present (future) tense -and: go-ut-go, sit-yat - sit, take-out-take out, shout-ut - shout.

In other verbs, the imperative mood is formed without an ending and is equal to the present tense stem. The stem of such verbs in the imperative mood ends:

1) to a soft consonant (in writing b): throw (kin-ut), throw (throw-yat), hit (hit-yat), prepare (ready-yat);

2) to hissing (in writing b): cut (rez-ut), hide (hide-ut), console (console-at);

3) on -th; read, throw, draw.

In the 2nd person plural. ending is added to the number -those: go-go, throw-throw, read-read, hide-hide.

The imperative mood of reflexive verbs on the code has a particle -sya or -sya: Look after - look after, look after; take a closer look, take a closer look. Throw - throw, throw; rush - rush, rush. Throw-throw, throw; rush - rush, rush.

Sometimes the particle is added to the imperative mood -ka. This particle usually softens the order and gives it the character of a friendly address. Let's go and pick some chestnuts in the garden. Come here

Note. For the expression of the 1st person plural. numbers of the imperative mood, the usual forms of the 1st person plural are used. numbers of the present or future tense with imperative intonation: Let's go. We'll decide. Let's sit down. These forms are also used with the ending -te: Let's go. Decide. Let's sit down. They then either indicate that the command is addressed to several persons, or indicate a polite address to one person.

To express the 3rd person imperative mood, the usual form of the 3rd person is used in conjunction with particles let, let, yes: Long live the muses, long live the mind! (P.) Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear! (P.) Let your face glow like the dawn in the morning.

Replacing inclinations.

In Russian, one mood can be used to mean another.

The imperative mood is often used in the meaning of the subjunctive mood and the conjunction if. The subject can be in any number and person and usually comes after the predicate. If he had told us earlier, everything could have been arranged. (Compare: If he had said earlier...) If we were five minutes late, he would have left. (Compare: If we were five minutes late...)

In other cases, on the contrary, the subjunctive mood has the meaning of the imperative mood. You should rest a little. Someone should sing for us. Such phrases express a request, advice, a polite offer.

Often, in the meaning of the imperative mood, the indefinite form of the verb is used. Be silent/Sit still! Keep quiet/ This use of the indefinite form expresses a persistent and strict command.

Verb suffixes.

From nouns, verbs are formed using suffixes -oe- (at), -ev- (at). In the present tense these suffixes are replaced by the suffixes -yes, -yu-: conversation-conversation - talking, grief - grieving - grieving.

Verbs are formed from adjectives and nouns using a suffix -e-(t) (in the present, tense -e-yu): white - turn white - turn white (with the meaning of becoming white), gray-gray - turn gray (with the meaning of becoming gray), beast - become wild - beast (with the meaning of becoming beast) or using the suffix -i-(t) (in the present tense -/o): white - whiten - whitewash (with the meaning of making white), litter - litter-litter (with the meaning of making litter).

Verbs are also formed from nouns using a suffix -a-(t): carpenter - to do carpentry; smart guy - to be smart (with a change from k to h).

The suffixes -ir-(at), -izir-(at) occur mostly on verbs foreign origin: telegraph, register, agitate, collectivize, organize.

Spelling verb suffixes.

To distinguish unstressed suffixes -ov-(at), -ev-(at) from the suffixes -iv-(at), -iv-(at), it is necessary to form the 1st person singular. numbers of the present (future) time.

If the verb is in the 1st person singular. numbers of the present tense end in -yu-, -yu-, then th is in an indefinite form, and in the past tense it is necessary to write -ovat (-oval), -evat (-eval): advise, advised, advise; I'm grieving, grieving, grieving.

If the verb is in the 1st person singular. the number of the present tense ends in -Ivayu, -Ivayu-, then in an indefinite form,” and in the past tense you must write -yat (-yval), -iv (-ival): showing - showing, showing; arrange-arrange, arranged

Notes

• 1. This does not include several verbs that end in e-vayu, e-vat: I sow, I start, I put on, I warm, I sing, I overcome. In these verbs the suffix is ​​-va-, and e belongs to the root. Compare sow and plant, start and start, etc.
• 2. In addition, you need to remember the following verbs ending in -evayu, -evat, where e belongs to the suffix: eclipse - overshadow, get stuck - get stuck, intend - intend, overwhelm - overwhelm, exhort-exhort.

Spelling particles ns verbs

Negation Not written separately with the verb.

The exception is those verbs that are not used without no. For example: to be indignant, to hate.

If verbs missing and lacking indicate a lack of something, they are written together: My friend lacks (that is, he does not have) the ability to get down to business right away. He lacks (that is, he does not have) endurance in his work.

Verb not enough- in the sense of not reaching for something - written separately: The child cannot reach the table with his hand:

Verb lacks-in the sense of not taking it, it is written separately: Our dog barks at strangers, but doesn’t grab anyone’s legs

1. The spelling of personal endings for verbs of the present or future simple (if the verb is perfect) tense differs depending on the type of conjugation:

1) verbs of the first conjugation have the endings: -у(-у), -ест, -ет, -ем, -ет, -ут(-ут):

I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry;

2) verbs of the second conjugation have endings: -у(-у), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at(-yat):

sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting.

Verb conjugation is determined in two ways:

According to the personal ending, if it is stressed:

sing - I ref. (sing - by Yu T); sit - II resp. (sit - sit I T)

By the suffix of an indefinite form (infinitive), if the personal ending is unstressed.

For ease of memorization and understanding, I propose to neglect morphology a little and simply list the verbs that are conjugated according to conjugation I, and those that are conjugated according to II.

So, according to rules II the conjugations will change:

Verbs, indefinite form ending in it(its):

wither, cook, ride, sting, coy, fuss, mow, circle, feast on, beckon, measure, pray, dress up, be unwell, please, nurse, foam.

Verb "measure" and its derivatives (to measure, to measure, to measure, etc.):

measuring, measuring, measuring, measuring, measuring, measuring;

The forms “measure, measure, measure, measure, measure, measure” are formed from the colloquial verb “measure” and are considered non-literary.

According to rules I, the conjugations will change:

Exceptions:

shave (shave, shave, shave, shave, shave, shave);

to be founded (used only in two forms: to be founded - to be founded;

four verbs in at(at): drive, hold, breathe, hear;

seven verbs for eat: see, twirl, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure.

- Other verbs ending in the indefinite form to "at, eat, ut" , as well as verbs in "ot" with unstressed personal endings.

Here are some of them:

mutter, recover, warm, enslave, harden, click, waver, prick, sway, blush, babble, babble, grind, adore, darken, solder, cry, flog, count, pour, melt, trample, pull, whisper.

Verbs "to lay" and "to lay" and derivatives from them (to cover - to lay out, to cover - to lay, to lay - to lay, to re-lay - to re-cover):

spread, spread, spread, spread, spread.

Verbs like “to recover, to become frosty, to become disgusted, to become disgusted, to grow moldy” :

get well, get well, get well, get well, get well.

In the indefinite form and past tense of verbs “bayat, bleat, winnow, repent, bark, lie, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt (not to be confused with the verb to conceal), find fault, teat, smell” suffix -yat, therefore:

melting, melting, melting, melting, melting.

!!! But: hide from conceal.

Offtopic

Vaevsky will personally kill anyone who “hides the snow” or “melts the mystery”

Verbs want, run, dream belong to heteroconjugates,

those. They have endings of I and II conjugations .

Thus, the verb “want” in the singular changes according to the I conjugation (you want, wants), and in the plural - according to the II (want, want, want);

the verb to run in the 3rd person plural has the ending -ut (run), in the rest - the endings of the second conjugation: run, run, run, run;

the verb to brezzhit has only two forms: the 3rd person singular - brezhit (II conjugation) and the 3rd person plural - brezhut (I conjugation).

From the verb "to torture" forms are used both I and II conjugations :

torment, torment, torment, torment, torment, torment and torment, torment, torment, torment, torment.

The II conjugation forms are preferred, while the I conjugation forms are considered colloquial, they go back to the obsolete verb “to torture”.

Many verbs prefix you- takes on the stress, resulting in difficulty in writing. In these cases, a dubious ending is recommended check with an unprefixed word :

they will reprimand - they say (to reprimand - to speak), if you get enough sleep - you sleep (to get enough sleep - to sleep), if you cut your hair - you will cut your hair (to cut your hair - to cut your hair).

2. There are similar-sounding forms of the 2nd person plural of the imperative mood (determined by “do it quickly!”) and forms of the 2nd person plural of the present or future (for perfect verbs) of the indicative mood (determined by “you will do it”) ")

For example: knock(first option) and knock(second option)

The imperative mood is formed using the suffix -i- and the ending -te : sit, write, jump;

in the indicative mood, the verb has an ending depending on the conjugation: -ete or -ite. Let's compare:

I conjugation Write more carefully! (imperative mood) - You write carefully, so the work is easy to read (indicative mood)

II conjugation Hold the pen correctly! (imperative mood) - If you hold the pen correctly, your handwriting will turn out beautiful (indicative mood).

The letter "ь" in verb forms

1) in the infinitive form of the verb (does everyone remember what an infinitive is?):

burn - burn, entertain - have fun, read;

2) at the end of the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense (that is, in those verbs that answer the question “what are you doing? What will you do?”):

if you burn, you get burned, if you entertain, you have fun;

3) in the imperative mood after consonants:

throw, throw, dress, leave, hide, cut;

When forming the imperative mood of the plural “b” the following is preserved:

throw, throw, dress, leave, hide, cut.

+ Exception: lie down - lie down - lie down.

"b" is not written:

In forms like “let’s go, start, do”;

In personal forms of verbs with the root “da-”:

will be given ( indefinite form- to be given), to be given (to be given), to be given (to be given), to be given (to be given), to be given (to be given), to be given (to be given);

But! in the infinitive of this group of verbs “b” is retained.

Before a verb beginning with a vowel or silent »h«, a personal pronoun je takes a shortened form and is attached to the verb through an apostrophe:

j' aime, j' habite.

Verbs ending in -cer And -ger

These verbs are generally conjugated according to general rule of the first group, but for phonetic reasons the form of the 1st person plural also undergoes the following changes:
- for verbs ending in -cer in the infinitive, the letter c acquires a diacritic cedille to save the sound [s]
for verbs ending in -ger in the infinitive, the unpronounceable is added e to save the sound [zh]:

Verbs ending in -ayer, -oyer, -uyer

verbs ending in -ayer, -oyer And -uyer, when conjugated, the vowel at the base of the word changes. If the penultimate syllable is stressed, the vowel -y- changes in front of the dumb -e on -i- The pronunciation changes accordingly.

Verbs ending in -er, with an alternating vowel in the root

Along with verbs conjugated according to type payer, there are other verbs that alternate the vowel in the root. When conjugating some verbs, silent [« ] and open ( acheter), or closed [e] and open ( préférer) in the penultimate syllable.
The letter has an alternating vowel -e- acquires a superscript grave accent.
The above changes occur in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural. In the dictionary these verbs are presented as follows:
acheter (-è-)