How participles change. The participle changes according to the characteristics of the adjective. It changes by number, by case, by gender in the singular

It's no secret that the Russian language is rich in vocabulary, word formation and, of course, grammar. This is such a huge amount of material that even after graduating from school, many people still have a lot of questions that can probably only be answered by linguists and linguists.

Grammar is one of the most complex foundations of the Russian language and, speaking about it, it means not only correct spelling, but also, of course, syntax, members of sentences and parts of speech.

Participle - verb or adjective

Speaking about the latter, one cannot help but immediately note the verb. What is it? As everyone knows, this part of speech answers questions about what to do/what to do, and denotes some action of an object. By verb, teachers also mean participles, calling them a specific form of the verb, but many experts in the field of language believe that the latter are an independent part of speech, and this statement is not groundless. The fact is that they are distinguished by certain features that the verb does not have.

Both parts of speech also have similarities: They can be perfect or imperfect, and also have past and present tenses.

Let's look at a few examples:

1. Crying, late, reading - present tense, imperfect form.
2. Crying, late, reading - past tense, perfect form.

Very often it can be replaced with a predicate. For example, the phrase “Cured patient” might sound like “a patient who was cured.”

In turn, this part of speech is divided into two: passive - describe the attribute of the object to which the action is performed, active - describe the attribute of the object that performed this or that action.

Passive participles are also divided into two types: full and short. It’s the latter that we’ll talk about. Short participles, like adjectives, have the same characteristics.

Touching them common features with adjective, both vary in gender and number. Example:

• Playful - playful - playful - playful.

So, how can one characterize the sacrament? This is a special form of speech that denotes the action of an object, while having the attribute of definition. Answers the question: what is she doing? what did she do? (the question changes according to gender and number accordingly). Therefore, it is not surprising that students often confuse this part of speech with the predicate and definition, which leads to incorrect placement of punctuation marks and distortion of words.

This form can be formed by a passive participle. As was said earlier, it can have a complete or incomplete form and answer the question: what is it? what? what are they?.

• Favorite - loved.
• Desired, desired.
• Illuminated - illuminated.

It should be noted here that short forms are used very rarely in everyday speech.

The short participle answers the question:

• - What is done? - The window is broken.
• - What has been done? - The game is on.
• - What have you done? - The curtains are hung.

A prerequisite is the use of one “n”. In order to form this part of speech, the suffixes -н and -т are most often used:

• To beat - to finish.
• Drink - finish your drink.
• Pick up - taken away.
• Throw - abandoned.

This part of speech (participle) is formed from the full form - from its base with the help of endings: masculine - without ending, feminine - a, neuter - o. Concerning plural- ending - s.

Short adjective and participle - differences

So, we looked at several examples and, as we said earlier, this part of speech has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. It is logical that the question arises: how to distinguish a short adjective from a short participle.

When faced with an example in a sentence that interests us, we should ask a question from it in the instrumental case.

For example:

• "He was very uneducated." We ask the question “uneducated by whom/what?” The result is a sentence of unclear meaning. It does not mention either a person or an object to which the question “by whom/what?” could be used. Therefore, in this case, a short adjective is used, which can be replaced by the similar word “ignorant”.

Now let's take the following example:

• “These patterns on the mountains were formed by nature.” In this case, from the word “educated” you can ask questions in the instrumental case “by whom?” how?". From this it follows that before us short participle.

You should also definitely indicate how to correctly write the particle “not” with this part of speech.

As a rule, the negative particle “not” with participles is written separately with verbs. Here are some examples.

• The guy is not seasoned.
• The detective story is not written.
• The pear is not washed.

But there are cases when the particle is not written together. For example, if a short form is formed from a verb with the prefix “under-”.

• The husband is underestimated by his wife.
• The salary was not received.

Having become familiar with the features of this part of speech, we can safely say that the participle, along with the verb and adjective, is a unique and, most importantly, quite independent grammatical unit, the study of which is not so easy.

Before we start talking about short participles, let's remember what part of speech they are. At school it is characterized as a special form of the verb, denoting a characteristic by action. But some linguists reasonably believe that this is an independent part of speech. After all, it is characterized by some characteristics that are not found in the verb.

Like a verb, a participle can be perfect and imperfect form and has present and past tense. (Note that it has no future tense.) For example: laughing– imperfect form, present tense, or laughed– perfect form, past tense. This part of speech can be replaced by the verb from which it was formed. For example: invited guest - a guest who has been invited.

But, like an adjective, the full participle changes according to numbers and gender: read – read – read – read. (For comparison adjective: cheerful - cheerful - cheerful - cheerful). And just like an adjective, it has a full and short form.

Features of the formation of short participles

One of the forms of the passive participle, indicating the sign of an object experiencing some kind of action from the outside, is short: open– short passive (compare: open– full passive). In a sentence, the full form usually acts as a definition, and the short form of a given part of speech is always a predicate, for example: I saw her shoulders wrapped in a shawl. – Shoulders are wrapped in a shawl(shrouded– definition, and shrouded– predicate).

The short participle is most often formed using suffixes -n- And -T-. For example: cleaned up finishes it. Unlike the full form, the short form has one -n: Sruble NN y - log house n s, more powerful NN y - more powerful n s. By the way, you should remember the common speech error in the use of one suffix when forming a short form instead of another. The house is cleaned T o – instead of the normative one: removed.

The short participle changes according to numbers: configured – configured, launched – launched and so on. IN singular it also changes by gender: simplified - simplified - simplified; grown - grown - grown.

In order not to confuse the short form of adjectives and participles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish from which part of speech the given word is formed. A short participle is from a verb, and a short adjective is from the full form of an adjective, for example: throw - abandoned - abandoned; good is good.

How to distinguish between a short adjective and a short participle. Examples

Let's try to use an example to learn how to distinguish verbal adjective and short participle . He was uneducated. How to determine which part of speech is in front of us? Let's reason. If we have a participle in front of us, then we can always put a question from it in the instrumental case. He was uneducated (by whom?)– you can’t ask like that, because the meaning of what was said is lost. In this context, uneducated– a short adjective, since it can also be replaced with a synonym: illiterate.

Everyone knows how mysterious and difficult our Russian language is to learn. It contains a huge number of parts of speech and their various forms. Short and full participles are particularly complex. Features Let's look at these verb forms in more detail.

Peculiarities

Linguists still have not yet decided what place to give participles in morphology. The authors of textbooks on the Russian language have completely different attitudes to this issue. Some argue that it is only a verb form that expresses not only an action, but also its attribute. Others say that it is completely independent and classify it as a part of speech. But one thing is known: short and full participles are simply irreplaceable for our speech. Without them, we will endlessly use the word “which.” For example:

A singing person is a person who sings.

A sick child is a child who is sick.

A job done is a job that has been done.

Having various dependent words with it, the participle is part of the participial phrase that decorates our speech.

For example: The wind blowing from the sea refreshed my face.

Full form

One of the features of this part of speech is the ability to form forms. Apart from adjectives, it is not subject to any part of speech.

The full and short forms of participles differ both grammatically and syntactically. How not to confuse them? The full form is called passive participles, which usually answer the question “which”. They are called passive because in their meaning they imply an action performed by someone.

It is impossible to form short ones.

Example: Acquired - acquired, resolved - resolved.

Short and long ones perform different syntactic functions. This is because they have different goals. The full form, answering the question "which", is a definition. This is its main similarity with an adjective.

Therefore, a participle that is part of a phrase is usually called a separate definition.

Don't forget about punctuation marks. If only full forms are included and it comes after the word being defined, then in this case commas must be placed on both sides.

The forest, shrouded in haze, is very beautiful.

If the phrase comes after the main word, then in this situation commas are not placed under any circumstances: Work done on time was approved.

Short form

As we found out, short and full participles are similar in many ways, but they play different roles in sentences.

This form is formed by cutting off the endings from the complete one and adding other endings: carried out - carried out(removed -aya and part of the suffix, adding -a).

Let's consider the proposal: The trip was paid for. The short form of the full participle “paid” is no longer a characteristic of the attribute by action. Now she herself shows the process, being part of the predicate. Thus, the short form serves as the main member of the sentence.

The main feature is that short and full participles can change according to gender. Written - written, put - put, lost - lost.

It's not that difficult to distinguish them. A correctly asked participle question will help you easily distinguish the short form from the full form.

Participle– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.

As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
• Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic features of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).

Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of a nominal part compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.

Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though the participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.

Participles have initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles - these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.

Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
• -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Active participles.

Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes