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The history of GUM began with merchants filling the empty space after the fire under Ivan III. On the site of dilapidated shops of the 17th century, under Catherine II, the design of a grandiose shopping center in the style of classicism began. The project was developed by Quarenghi himself, but the construction was carried out hastily by city architects and was not completed. After the fire of 1812, another master of classicism, Osip Bove, rebuilt the mall.

The building of the Upper Trading Rows quickly became dilapidated and obsolete. But the trading complex consisted of more than 600 separate properties owned by more than 500 people. For 20 years, representatives of the shop owners have been holding fruitless negotiations with the city government.

In 1886, the new Moscow mayor Alekseev, at a meeting of shop owners, finally got their consent to the creation of a joint-stock company. However, after that, things did not move forward. Then the council closed the Upper Trading Rows under the pretext of their accident rate. The shops were moved to temporary buildings on Red Square. The decline in trade as a result of these events was so strong that the shop owners finally decided to start reconstruction.

In 1888, the charter of the Joint Stock Company of the Upper Trading Rows on Red Square in Moscow was approved. Shop owners contributed their buildings and plots under them to the share capital, and the shares were distributed among them in proportion to the income from existing real estate. Those who do not wish to participate in created society could demand the redemption of their property, in addition, the Moscow city government received the right to expropriate real estate from those who did not want to give it up at all. Property rights were recognized for existing owners by the very fact of current ownership, without the requirement of bills of sale. (for many years, ownership documents were lost).

In November 1888, a closed architectural competition was announced, which received 23 projects. The grand opening of the mall took place on December 2, 1893.

Architecture

The current building of the Upper Trading Rows was built parallel to the Kremlin wall according to the project of architect Alexander Pomerantsev, with the participation of engineers Vladimir Shukhov and Arthur Loleit. The building is designed in a pseudo-Russian style, the decor elements are borrowed from Russian monuments of the pattern era, and the double turrets above the main entrance are in tune with the completion of the neighboring building of the Historical Museum.

Main supermarket(GUM, until 1953 - Upper Trading Rows) - a large shopping complex in the center of Moscow and one of the largest in Europe. It occupies a whole block, the main facade overlooks Red Square. It is an architectural monument federal significance. In 2008, the GUM building turns 115 years old.

More in the 15th century self-made trading shops were set up in disorder on Red Square. At first 19th century Emperor Alexander I ordered to ennoble this motley market. According to the project of the architect Osip Bove, the facade was built in the Empire style, imitating the palaces of the Roman Empire. This is how the first building of the Upper Trading Rows appeared.

However, this building served only as a screen, hiding the cramped labyrinths of the market. Half a century later, it was decided to rebuild it on the initiative of the Moscow merchants. Among the 23 works put up for the architectural competition, the most daring project won. Its authors were architect Alexander Pomerantsev and engineer Vladimir Shukhov, who later created the famous radio tower on Shabolovka Street in Moscow.

Three spacious passages "in European style" made of glass and metal, enclosed in traditional "Old Russian" walls, became an architectural phenomenon for Russia at that time. Massive construction has begun in 1890 and ended three years later. The building was located in the quarter between Red Square and Vetoshny

driving along the radius. According to the documents of that time, the length of the facade facing Red Square was 116 sazhens (sazhen - 2.13 meters), and the length of the façade facing Vetoshny passage was 122 sazhens.

Along three wide passages (passages) Pomerantsev placed shops on two floors, the total number of which reached a thousand. The passages were covered with glass arcuate roofs, which required metal structures weighing 50 thousand pounds (833 tons). In the exterior decoration of the building, granite, marble and Radom sandstone were used to reproduce numerous ancient Russian decorative forms. The grand opening of the Upper Trading Rows with the participation of the Governor-General of Moscow, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna took place December 14 (O.S. 2), 1893.

The new trading rows made the glory of the Russian merchants. The malls even then rightfully claimed the principle of universality and offered customers an exemplary infrastructure: the services of porters, barbers, bankers and postmen.

After the October Revolution, subordinate organizations settled in the historical interiors of the malls. Until the early 1950s, GUM remained a government agency.

The date of the second birth of the trading house is considered 1953 In August of that year, the Soviet government decided to reconstruct the building of the Trade Rows. Production and labor forces from all over the USSR were sent to the shock construction site. In record time, already in November 1953, the first and largest in Soviet Russia trade center - State department store - GUM. The store has become a collection of the most scarce goods and a symbol of the capital of the USSR along with the Kremlin, Lenin's mausoleum and VDNKh.

In the early 1990s, economic realities changed in the country. Along with them, the trade policy of GUM also changed. The predominant part of the area on a lease basis was occupied by independent shops. Today, shoppers are offered an exhaustive list of products, from personalized designer clothes and jewelry to daily household items. GUM lost its centralization, but retained the principle of universality. GUM (now called the Main Department Store) is a whole shopping district, which has a pharmacy, a bank branch, and a flower shop. This is a comfortable recreation area with restaurants and cafes, an art gallery and a venue for cultural events. The internal space of GUM is being improved. The legendary Demonstration Hall, which went down in the history of Russian cinema, has been restored. It is planned to hold cultural events and social gatherings in its original interiors. The poster of GUM includes art expositions and bright presentations. A unique illumination project has been implemented on the outer facade: the architectural elements of the building are underlined by lines of electric light bulbs. The project of the updated design involves the reorganization of the passages in the style of the palazzo: a spectacular lighting system, a mosaic floor, living plants.

The abbreviation GUM stands for General Department Store. Until 1921, the department store was called the Upper Trading Rows. This is the largest shopping complex in the center of the capital, occupying an entire quarter of Kitay-Gorod. The main facade of the department store overlooks Red Square. The building is a monument of pseudo-Russian architecture for federal purposes. It belongs Russian company Bosco di Ciliegi specializing in the sale of luxury goods.

Instead of dilapidated shops of the 17th century, during the reign of Catherine II, the design of a grandiose shopping center, made in the style of classicism, was started. The project was taken up by Quarenghi, but the construction was hastily carried out by city architects, which was never completed. After a fire in 1812, Osip Bove, a master of classicism, undertook to rebuild the malls.

The upper shopping arcade, which we see today opposite the Kremlin wall, was built in 1890-1893 by architect A.N. Pomerantsev and engineers V.G. Shukhovfm and A.F. Loleit. This building is designed in a pseudo-Russian style, the decorative elements were borrowed from Russian monuments of the pattern era. It is also impossible not to notice the consonance of the double turrets above the main entrance with the neighboring building of the Historical Museum.

The grand opening of GUM or, as they were then called, the Upper Trading Rows, with the participation of the Governor-General Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov and Princess Elizabeth Feodorovna, took place on December 2, 1893.

The giant three-storey building, consisting of three longitudinal passages and having deep basements, accommodates more than a thousand stores. The passages are covered with arched steel structures with glazing of sixteen-meter spans. In addition to the passages, large halls are arranged here. The exterior finish is made of Finnish granite, Tarusa marble and sandstone.

In 1934, preparations began for the demolition of the GUM building. In its place, they wanted to build a huge building of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. Fortunately, GUM was restored in 1952-1953. Now it was the State Department Store. Although today the mall is no longer state-owned, its name GUM is still in use, like the old name "Upper Trading Rows".

You can buy almost everything in this store. This is a whole shopping district, where there are pharmacies, and flower shops, and bank branches, and comfortable recreation areas, and restaurants, and cafes. It is also an art gallery where cultural events are held.
Trading House "GUM" is the most famous shopping complex in Moscow.

The old building of the Upper Trading Rows, the Main Department Store - GUM in Moscow is located. It is the largest department store in the country. It is an architectural monument of federal significance.

GUM in Moscow - history

Not many stores in the country and in the world have such an interesting and rich history as the largest of them in the capital. The building of the Upper Trading Rows (the former name of the department store) was built in 1893 according to the project of architect A. Pomerantsev and engineer V. Shukhov. At the opening were present Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov and Princess Elizabeth Feodorovna. The length of the building along the Kremlin wall is about 250 meters. And its form is presented in the form of three longitudinal three-story galleries. Engineer V. Shukhov created a unique openwork glass roof, the construction of which took more than fifty thousand pounds of metal. Its diameter is 14 meters.

The entire area of ​​the opened Upper Trading Rows was divided among merchants into 322 stores, which sold all kinds of food and industrial goods. A bank branch and a post office, a jewelry workshop and a hairdresser's were also opened here. Price tags were used for the first time. Books of complaints and suggestions appeared. And the slogan "The customer is always right" became the rule of trade. The restaurant soon opened. Began to be carried out musical evenings. Art exhibitions were organized. Now people came to the Upper Trading Rows not only for shopping. Here they rested and had fun. You could use the left-luggage office, information desk, wardrobe.

After the revolution, like other outlets, GUM was nationalized. This led to a decline in trade. Offices were filled with officials. The NEP revived trade. In 1935, a project appeared, fortunately not implemented, according to which it was proposed to demolish the building in order to expand Red Square. On May 9, 1945, Yuri Levitan announced the unconditional surrender of Germany from the department store building. In the post-war years, the department store was again in danger of being demolished. A place was needed to erect a monument in honor of the Victory in the war. But this plan was not implemented either.

1953 was the year of the second birth of the building. It was decided to remove all institutions from it and leave only retail outlets and salons in it. The building has been reconstructed. More than 30 thousand items of goods were presented in 11 large departments.

During the Brezhnev era, they wanted to close the department store again. But chance helped. The wife of a high-ranking figure sewed outfits for herself here - in the atelier. Thanks to her request to keep it, the department store was also saved.

In December 1990, the department store became known as the GUM Trading House Joint Stock Company. That is, the form of activity has become the same as 100 years ago. In 1993, the 100th anniversary of the opening of the department store was celebrated. The entrance was opened from the side of Red Square.

GUM - modernity

Modernity brings its own features to the appearance of GUM. The department store is constantly evolving. The Showroom has been restored. It hosts various cultural events. Illumination was installed on the outer facade. Since 2006, a skating rink has been opened on Red Square in winter. A match between the stars of the USSR and the stars of the World was held here. The skating rink has become a place of rest and meetings. Festive atmosphere, celebrity performances always delight guests of the rink. In 2007, a fountain opened in the center of the department store where customers meet. This fountain is almost the same age as the Upper Trading Rows.

Familiar objects of the capital appeared here, in which the appearance of the 50-60s is preserved. So, Gastronome No. 1 is open, where tea “with elephants” is sold. Dining room No. 57 has a self-service line with dishes of Russian and European cuisine. It also offers soft drinks and alcoholic drinks. The cafe "Festivalnoye" was opened, named after the Festival of Youth held in the capital in 1956. The menu includes dishes from different countries.

GUM is not only an architectural monument. It is a place of relaxation with restaurants and cafes, as well as a venue for cultural events. Like the rest of Red Square, it is an integral part of the history of Russia.

GUM stores

The department store is conditionally divided into 3 lines, along which there are many shops and boutiques, salons on three floors. There are more than 200 of them here. A variety of goods of popular domestic and foreign brands are presented - Adidas and Nike, Levi's and Ecco and many others. There is a pharmacy and a bank branch, photo services and an order desk. Although now the department store is not a state-owned one, the name GUM is still popular. Its main owner is the Russian company Bosco di Ciliegi. Bosco di Ciliegi family card holders in Optika, Hogl, Gabor and some other salons enjoy fixed discounts from 5 to 15%. More than 30 thousand people visit the department store every day.

For visitors to GUM in Moscow, parking is provided in Vetoshny Lane.

Trade on the territory of modern GUM has been conducted since the 15th century. The historical name of the complex is the Upper Trading Rows. Initially, Nikolskaya, Ilyinka and Varvarka divided all trade opposite the Kremlin into the Upper, Middle and Lower rows. Each block was divided inside into rows, according to the nature of the goods: Bell, Caftan, etc. In the XV-XVI centuries. trade was in wooden shops, under Boris Godunov in 1596–1598. stone buildings also appeared, but, despite frequent fires, the replacement of wood with stone was very slow. In the 1780s the front part of the Upper Rows from the side of Red Square received a second floor and an arched facade with a ten-column portico. A project for a complete restructuring of the complex was developed, but not fully implemented.

By the fire of 1812, the rows were completely burned out, but by 1815, according to the project, new complex, again classic: with a portico and a dome. The side parts in the shape of the letter "G", overlooking Nikolskaya and Varvarka, received the popular nickname "verbs". The building was decorated with bas-reliefs in the form of female figures carrying laurel wreaths, and on the main portico from the side of the square there is the coat of arms of Moscow. There were 32 stone buildings in total. But this complex also fell into disrepair: the passages, littered with goods, turned into narrow slums, the premises were poorly lit and - in order to avoid fires - were not heated. In 1887, the complex was closed, and temporary benches from 14 iron buildings were set up right on Red Square. Specially created " Joint-Stock Company Upper Trading Rows on Red Square in Moscow" held a competition in which the project won. The work was carried out in 1890–1893. December 2, 1893 the complex was inaugurated.

Although the architect moved away from the classicist style in favor of the pseudo-Russian one, the structure of the complex remained the same: lines, passages and wide shop windows. Elongated "teremok" roofs and tents with spiers over the main entrance are in harmony with the Kremlin towers. Thanks to the engineers and A.F. Loleitu passages ("rows") received roofs with glazing. The building had its own power station, which illuminated both the rows and Red Square, water supply and artesian well. In total there were 1200 shops and three assembly halls. In 1897, a cinema was set up in one of them.

After the revolution, the apartments of famous government figures (for example, the People's Commissar for Food Tsyurupa) and a number of offices were located here. In the 1930s there were projects for the demolition of the building and the construction of a multi-storey building of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry, but then they were abandoned. Trade returned in 1952-1953: the rows were restored and received a new name - the State Department Store (GUM). Now GUM does not have a state status, but the established name has been retained. It has become an integral symbol of Red Square. The fate of the Upper Rows remained connected with trade. The Middle Rows, which were taken over by the military, are now awaiting a decision on their fate, while the Lower Rows have been completely lost.