Why do two-color leathermen get killed? Two-color leather: description, distribution, photo. Bicolor Leatherman in the Food Chain

From the Smooth-nosed family. Outwardly, this animal is not very attractive, but it has interesting structure and behavioral features characteristic only of this species. That is why it is interesting to many animal lovers.

Spreading

Two-tone leather distributed in the center and west of Europe, in Asia, inhabits the territory of Ukraine. Prefers to settle in forests, steppes and mountains. Sometimes found in megacities. This species is protected in nature reserves and nature reserves. different countries world, since the threat of its extinction is great. Global changes are to blame for this situation climatic conditions, insecticides, as well as people’s negativity towards all types of bats.

Accurate data on the number of Kozhans has not been recorded. They are rather fragmentary in nature. Two-tone leather summer time inhabits tree hollows, attics, spaces under eaves, rock cracks, etc. Sometimes these mice share their shelter with other bats. They are found in England and in France, Norway and central Russia, in Iran and China, in the Himalayas. In many regions, the two-colored leatherback is considered a vulnerable species. The Red Book, for example, was replenished with these animals several years ago.

The species has not been sufficiently studied, but there is an assumption that the two-colored leatherback flies south for the winter. Two wintering grounds of these animals were discovered in the Perm region and caves in Bashkiria. There is information about wintering in caves in the Sverdlovsk region.

Appearance

The two-color leather jacket does not exceed six and a half centimeters in length, and its wingspan reaches thirty-three centimeters. The weight of the animal ranges from twelve to twenty-four grams. This mouse has dark brown fur interspersed with red hairs on its back. On the abdomen it has a grayish tint.

The wings are noticeably narrowed, the ears are wide and round. Life expectancy ranges from five to twelve years. The hands are equipped with flying membranes that are attached at the base of the fingers. The supraorbital lobes are strongly developed.

Two-tone leather: behavioral features

This animal flies out to hunt half an hour after sunset, but more often with the onset of deep twilight. He hunts all night, flying at an altitude of about thirty meters above forest edges and clearings, along mountain gorges, among trees, over steppes and even over water. The flight is very fast, reminiscent of the flight of noctules.

The two-color leatherman hunts using ultrasonic vibrations with a frequency of 25 kHz. When the weather is very cold or windy, the leathern may miss the hunt. In areas where the beetle is widespread, it regulates the population of some insects.

Since these bats are quite rare, researchers do not have enough information collected. At the time of birth of the cubs, females form small colonies, in in rare cases large aggregations of more than fifty individuals. Groups of males can reach two hundred and fifty animals, but more often they prefer solitude.

Leatherfish often migrate, flying quite long distances (about one and a half thousand kilometers). From October to March, the two-colored leatherback hibernates. These mice usually hibernate alone and tolerate temperatures down to -2.6 °C. In my own way economic importance Leathers are recognized as useful animals - they destroy many harmful insects.

Save mode

IN last years there has been a decline in the number of these animals. The reason for this is the complex anthropogenic factors: limiting places for settlement in modern buildings, modernizing old buildings, sealing attics, destruction large quantity individuals by humans using pesticides used for disinfestation and wood preservation.

Dimensions two-tone (two-tone) leather average. Body length 54 - 64 mm. Body weight from 8 to 20 g. Body length 54-64 mm, forearm length 41-48 mm. The condylobasal length of the skull is 13.9-16.2 mm, the length of the upper row of teeth is 5.0-6.1 mm. Females usually have two pairs of nipples. The fur color is dark with a silvery tint. The throat is white.

Spreading. From England and France to the coast Pacific Ocean. The northern border of distribution runs through Norway, the Central regions of the RSFSR, southern Siberia, the southern - through central Italy, along the Black Sea coast, Iran, Kashgaria, the Himalayas, and Northeast China. Settles in the USSR European part north to the Kalinin and Moscow regions, the Caucasus, Southern Urals, Kazakhstan, Central Asian republics and southern Siberia north to approximately the Novosibirsk-estuary line. Cupid. Within its vast range, the bicolor leathern is unevenly distributed.

Biology. Found both in forests and open spaces; in the mountains rises to 3000 m above sea level. m. Summer shelters are varied: tree hollows, attics, voids behind wall cladding and under eaves, cracks in rocks, etc.

Two-color leatherbacks often live in common shelters with other species bats. During pregnancy and feeding the young, females settle in colonies of up to 40-50 individuals. Males during this period stay in small groups or alone. In June, females give birth to 2, less often 1, cubs; the latter, in the first 8-10 days of life, are clearly distinguished from the naked young of other species by the dark coloring of the ears, the tip of the muzzle and limbs. After the young transition to independent life, brood colonies begin to disintegrate and strict separation of the sexes is no longer observed.

The flight of the leatherback is fast and dexterous; they hunt all night, until dawn. They readily feed among woody vegetation. It feeds on moths, mosquitoes, and Coleoptera. It flies out to feed after sunset and feeds throughout the night. Most of the population flies to the south outside Russia for the winter. Wintering areas are unknown. Kozherans wintering in the region gather in caves. Life expectancy is more than 5 years.

Wintering places two-tone leather unknown; single wintering individuals were noted in caves in Kyrgyzstan and, according to unverified data, Southern Urals. The bulk of animals inhabiting the European part of the USSR apparently undertake long-distance seasonal migrations. Migratory animals are regularly observed in August-September in Ukraine. A two-color leatherback ringed in western Belarus was caught in the fall in Romania, more than 1000 km from the ringing site.

No special protection measures have been developed. Together with other species of animals, it is protected in nature reserves and sanctuaries in the region.

Literature. Mammals of the fauna of the USSR. Part 1. Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Moscow-Leningrad, 1963

: Incorrect or missing image

Area

Two-colored leather is found in Central and Western Europe and in Asia. Her natural environment habitats - mountains, steppes and forests, but also in Western Europe, they are mainly found in major cities. The species is protected as it is threatened by insecticides and changes to its habitat.

Description

The body length of the two-tone leatherback can reach 6.4 cm, the wingspan can be from 27 to 33 cm, and the weight is usually between 12 and 23 grams. Its name comes from the coloring of its fur, which combines two colors. Its back is red to dark brown, and its ventral side is white or gray. The ears, wings and face are black or dark brown. The wings are narrow, the ears are short, wide and rounded.

The longest known life expectancy was twelve years.

Behavior

These the bats hunt prey, such as mosquitoes, caddis flies, and moths, using ultrasound with a frequency of about 25-27 kHz. They hunt after dusk at an altitude of 10-20 meters in open spaces above streams and rivers, above forests or in the light of street lamps. In cold weather, these bats may skip hunting.

There is not much information about the bicolor leatherback and its behavior, as they are quite rare. Females live in small groups of about 50 animals, sometimes up to several hundred adult females. In Western Europe, male groups consist of about 250 animals and gather only during spring and early summer. These bats migrate; cases of flights over distances of up to 900 km are known. The longest migration was recorded in 1989 and amounted to 1440 km.

Between October and March, bats hibernate. They hibernate alone and can tolerate temperatures down to −2.6 °C.

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An excerpt characterizing Two-Tone Leather

Pierre did not stay for dinner, but immediately left the room and left. He went around the city to look for Anatoly Kuragin, at the thought of whom all the blood now rushed to his heart and he had difficulty catching his breath. In the mountains, among the gypsies, among the Comoneno, it was not there. Pierre went to the club.
In the club everything went on as usual: the guests who had come to dine sat in groups and greeted Pierre and talked about city news. The footman, having greeted him, reported to him, knowing his acquaintance and habits, that a place had been left for him in the small dining room, that Prince Mikhail Zakharych was in the library, and Pavel Timofeich had not arrived yet. One of Pierre's acquaintances, between talking about the weather, asked him if he had heard about Kuragin's kidnapping of Rostova, which they talk about in the city, is it true? Pierre laughed and said that this was nonsense, because he was now only from the Rostovs. He asked everyone about Anatole; one told him that he had not come yet, the other that he would dine today. It was strange for Pierre to look at this calm, indifferent crowd of people who did not know what was going on in his soul. He walked around the hall, waited until everyone had arrived, and without waiting for Anatole, he did not have lunch and went home.
Anatole, whom he was looking for, dined with Dolokhov that day and consulted with him on how to correct the spoiled matter. It seemed to him necessary to see Rostova. In the evening he went to his sister to talk with her about the means to arrange this meeting. When Pierre, having traveled all over Moscow in vain, returned home, the valet reported to him that Prince Anatol Vasilich was with the countess. The Countess's living room was full of guests.
Pierre, without greeting his wife, whom he had not seen since his arrival (she hated him more than ever at that moment), entered the living room and, seeing Anatole, approached him.
“Ah, Pierre,” said the countess, approaching her husband. “You don’t know what situation our Anatole is in...” She stopped, seeing in her husband’s low-hanging head, in his sparkling eyes, in his decisive gait that terrible expression of rage and strength that she knew and experienced in herself after the duel with Dolokhov.
“Where you are, there is debauchery and evil,” Pierre said to his wife. “Anatole, let’s go, I need to talk to you,” he said in French.

Status. Common and widespread species.

Spreading. Inhabits the temperate and subtropical zones of Eurasia, from Europe through the Front and Central Asia, Southern Siberia and Mongolia to Far East and Northeast China. The range in Russia has large area: it covers the south and southeast of the European part, Southern Siberia, Primorye.

Geography of collections stored in the funds of the Department of Zoology and Ecology of the Penza State Pedagogical University (Ilyin et al., 1998a) and the Saratov Zoological Museum state university(Zavyalov et al., 2002 a) is quite extensive. Thus, encounters of animals in the village have been reliably confirmed. Dyakovka, Krasnokutsk district and village. Oktyabrsky, Dergachevsky district (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990), village. Bazaar Karabulak, in the cities of Volsk and Saratov. In addition, it is known from numerous finds dating back to the 19th - first half of the 20th century, in the village. Pads of the Balashovsky district (Silantiev, 1894), p. Duralovka of the Petrovsky district (Bianki, 1922), the city of Pugachev and Pugachevsky district (Ognev, 1925; Bazhanov, 1930). It is quite obvious that the kozhan lives almost throughout the entire territory of the region, but avoids the highly arid Trans-Volga regions, where it is possible to meet only migrating animals. At the same time, its occurrences are most common not only in the Volga valley and the mouth of the right and left tributaries, but also in the basin of the Khopra and Medveditsa rivers in the west of the region.

Number. The two-colored bat accounts for 8.0% of all bat finds recorded in the region. Based on the number of caught or recorded individuals, the share of the species is 2.2%.

Short description. Body length 55-64 mm, forearms 40^-8 mm, weight 8-20 g. The fur is thick, the hair is distinctly two-colored: on the back - from dark to reddish-brown with almost white tips creating “frosty” ripples, on the belly - gray-whitish with brownish bases, sharply contrasting with the color of the back. There are patches of yellowish fur behind the ears and on the throat.

Habitat. It is found in a variety of landscapes, including anthropogenic ones. There is a certain connection with reservoirs of various types and forest areas with extensive clearings and edges. In treeless areas, encounters are rarer, although even in this case the proximity of a body of water is obviously a determining factor in the establishment of a settlement. With regard to shelters, the species is quite flexible, but always gives preference to human buildings; brood colonies are not known in natural shelters in the region. It does not avoid urbanized areas, for example, the city of Saratov.

Features of biology. The joint presence of adult females and males of the leatherback in the same shelter during the period of birth of offspring in the Saratov region is not known. During this period, males, as a rule, lead a solitary lifestyle and hide in natural and artificial shelters, but in adjacent areas there are examples of several dozen males living together in one settlement. Females usually form single-species brood colonies, the number of adult animals in which varies from 5 to 35 individuals. In the south of the Volga region and in other semiarid steppe regions, it is possible to encounter larger settlements, reaching 100 or more adult animals, as was, for example, recorded on the river. Eruslan in Volgograd region(Stroganova, 1954). After the collapse of brood colonies in the second half of summer, some of the animals move to natural shelters (in crevices, behind loose bark of trees, hollows) or unite into small single-sex molting groups.

Females that appear in the reproductive areas in the second ten days of May already pregnant, give birth to one or two (less often three) cubs in the second ten days of June. The timing of the appearance of offspring, as in other chiropteran species in the region, is significantly influenced by weather season. After young animals acquire the skills of independent living, the disintegration of brood colonies begins. We are not aware of examples of the formation of harem groups and mating in places of breeding. Most individuals leave the territory of the Saratov region at the end of August, and only a few individuals remain until the beginning of the second ten days of September. The maximum known flight range is 1440 km (Masing et al., 1999).

It has been suggested (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990) about the possibility of wintering of some individuals near their breeding sites, but specific data from the river valley. Volga, this opinion has not yet been confirmed. In the central part of Saratov, on November 22, 2002, a female two-color leatherback was found on the landing near the attic of a stone two-story building (Zavyalov et al., 2002b). Apparently, the animal spent the winter alone, since a careful examination of the place where it was found did not reveal any other animals. Kozhan was active and well fed, there were no signs of disease. The presence of reliable cases of wintering of the two-color leatherman significantly north of the city of Saratov - in Penza region(Ilyin et al., 2006), in Moscow (Morozov, 1998) and near St. Petersburg (Strelkov, 2001) - suggests that the winter discovery of an individual of this species in the Lower Volga region is not accidental. We share the opinion of P.P. Strelkova (2001) that this species tends to form sedentary populations within urbanized areas. It obtains food by flying between sparse trees in city parks (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990). It feeds mainly on Lepidoptera from the families of Moths, Moths, Leafworms, and also mass species Diptera from the families Chironomidae and Culicidae. The maximum known life expectancy is 12 years (Schober, Grimmberger, 1998).

Area

From England to the Pacific Ocean and from the parallel 60° south to the line Black Sea - Caucasus - Himalayas - Turkmenistan - Iran - Mongolia - Ussuri - Japan.

Features of morphology

The bat is of medium size (forearm length – 39.6–48.2 mm). The ears are relatively short, their width is greater than their length. The wing is quite narrow. The fur is short and thick. The hair on the back is dark brown, with silvery white ends. The white-cream or gray color of the belly contrasts with the color of the back.

Features of biology

Shelters - tree hollows, cavities in buildings, rock cracks, rarely caves. Does not form large accumulations. Vidmigrant. In Crimea, in addition to local animals, animals from more northern regions probably winter. Currently, this is one of the rarest species in Crimea. Flies out to hunt late in the evening and throughout the night. Found both in the forest and on open places. It feeds on flying insects (information about this species from Crimea is sporadic). It breeds once a year. Brood colonies contain 40–50 females, each of which gives birth to 1–2 young in June. Often winters in high-rise buildings.

Threats

Destroying shelters. The reasons for the decline in numbers apparently lie in the death of a few colonies due to human disturbance.

Security measures

The species is listed in Appendix II of the Berne Convention, Appendix II of the Bonn Convention and Appendix I of the EUROBATS agreement. No special security measures have been taken in Crimea. It is advisable to protect habitats, and a more detailed study of the biology of the species is also necessary.

Information sources

Abelentsev et al., 1956; Dulitsky, 2001; CHKU, 2009.

Compiled by: Dulitsky A.I. Photo: Svetlнk J.