22.09.2019
What rank did Nicholas II have in the British army? Dictionary of military ranks of the eighteenth century
DICTIONARY OF MILITARY RANKS OF THE XVIII CENTURY
Adjutant General- one of the highest military ranks. Established by the Military Regulations of 1716. In the 18th century, adjutant generals were attached to the emperor, field marshals, and full generals. They carried the duties of adjutants and conducted office work at the headquarters. The duty adjutant generals under Catherine II were in charge of the army personnel and award affairs.
General-in-chief(literally, chief general) - according to the Military Regulations of 1716 - commander in chief, equal to a field marshal. Under Paul I, the rank of General-in-Chief was replaced by ranks according to the types of troops: general of infantry (infantry), general of cavalry, general of artillery, engineer-general.
Quartermaster General(lit., chief of apartments) - one of the highest staff positions. The quartermaster general was in charge of the study of the terrain, the organization of the location and movement of troops, the preparation of maps, and the construction of fortifications. In 1711, a quartermaster unit was created under the quartermaster general, which became the basis for the formation of the General Staff in 1763.
Attorney General- a person who monitored the legality of the activities of the state apparatus with the help of subordinate prosecutors.
Field Marshal General- the highest military rank in the ground forces. According to the Military Regulations of 1716, "Field Marshal General, or an Chief, is the commander-in-chief general in the army." The rank of Field Marshal was in first place among the 14 ranks of the "Table of Ranks". The rank of generalissimo, which was considered an exceptional award, was not included in the Table of Ranks. In total in Russia from 1700 to 1917. There were 64 field marshals. The first general-field marshal was F. A. Golovin, who in 1700 led the 45,000-strong Russian army, which marched to Narva in the outbreak of war with Sweden. Of the commanders of Peter I, Field Marshals General, following Golovin, were the Duke of Croa-de-Cruy (1700), Count B.P. Sheremetyev (1701), His Serene Highness Prince D.I. Menshikov (1709), who became Generalissimo in 1727 . Under Catherine II, Count A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1762), Count K. G. Razumovsky (1764), Prince A. M. Golitsyn (1769), Count P. A. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky (1770) received the rank of Field Marshal ), Count 3. G. Chernyshev (1773), Langrave Ludwig IX (1774), Most Serene Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky (1784), Count A. V. Suvorov-Rymniksky (1794).
Feldzeugmeister General- the rank and position of the chief of artillery. His duties included managing the personnel of artillery, drill and training.
Generalissimo- the highest military rank in the armed forces. The military charter of 1716 says: "This rank belongs to the crowned heads and the great possessing princes, and especially to the one whose army is." IN Russian Empire the first generalissimo was the governor A. S. Shein (1696), then, in accordance with the Military Regulations, the title of generalissimo was awarded to three persons: Prince A. D. Menshikov (1727), Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick, father of Emperor John VI Antonovich (1740 ) and Count A. V. Suvorov-Rymnik Prince of Italy (1799).
Hetman- leader, commander of troops in Ukraine. In 1648 Bohdan Khmelnytsky took the title of hetman. After the transfer of Right-Bank Ukraine under the rule of Poland, there were two hetmans - on the Left-Bank and Right-Bank Ukraine. The Hetman of the Left-Bank Ukraine was endowed with the highest civil, military and judicial power, had the right to diplomatic relations with other states, except for Poland and Turkey. He was elected by the General Military Rada. Since 1708 he was appointed by the emperor. In 1764 this position was abolished.
Esaul- military rank in the Cossack troops. He corresponded to the ranks of a captain in the cavalry, a captain in the infantry, a lieutenant commander, and then a senior lieutenant in the navy and a collegiate assessor in the civil service.
Brigadier rank captain- temporary name in 1764–1798 naval rank V class according to the "Table of Ranks". Corresponded to the military rank of brigadier and civil councilor of state.
Captain Commander- naval rank in 1707–1732, 1751–1764, 1798–1827 Corresponded to the military rank of brigadier and civil - state councilor.
Lieutenant Commander- military rank in the army and engineering troops in artillery and navy in 1798–1884, 1907–1911. Replaced with the rank of First Lieutenant.
lieutenant captain- military rank in the guards and naval units of the XVIII century. In 1798, he was renamed staff captain and lieutenant commander.
Corporal- junior military rank commanders. In the 19th century replaced by the rank of non-commissioned officer.
rear admiral- the name is due to the fact that the squadron, on which the rear admiral holds his flag, was in front (opposite) of the admiral's squadron. Corresponded to the military rank of major general and the civil rank of a real state adviser.
Cornet- military rank in army cavalry units in 1798–1884 Initially, the cornets served as standard-bearers. Corresponded to the rank of ensign in the infantry.
Major- military rank, divided from 1731 to 1791 into two steps - prime major and second major.
Midshipman- a naval rank introduced in the Russian fleet since 1716, originally a non-commissioned officer, then a chief officer. Corresponded to the military rank of lieutenant and civil collegiate secretary.
Officer- officer ranks were divided into three categories: generals, staff officers and chief officers. With the introduction of the "Table of Ranks" in 1722, the first officer rank gave the right to nobility.
Lieutenant colonel- the position of assistant colonel, which existed in the Russian army since the 17th century. Since 1798, the guard was liquidated. Corresponded to the military ranks of captain II rank and military foreman, civilian court adviser.
Second Lieutenant- a military rank corresponding to the military ranks of a cornet in the cavalry, a cornet in the Cossack troops and a provincial secretary in the civil service.
Ensign- non-commissioned officer in the infantry (standard junker in the cavalry, cadet in the Cossack troops). They were considered lower ranks, but performed officer duties and enjoyed some of their rights.
Podsaul- a military rank in the Cossack troops, corresponded to the military ranks of a staff captain, staff captain, lieutenant and civilian titular adviser.
Colonel- a military rank in the Russian army, introduced in the 17th century. Corresponded to the military rank of captain of the 1st rank and civil collegiate adviser.
Harness Ensign- a military rank for non-commissioned officers from the nobility in the infantry, since 1865 - a junker performing non-commissioned officer duties.
Harness-Junker- military rank for non-commissioned officers from the nobility in artillery and light cavalry.
lieutenant- Envoy, Assistant Commander. Corresponded to the military ranks of the centurion, midshipman and civilian collegiate secretary.
Ensign(lit., standard-bearer) - a military rank in artillery, engineering troops, guards.
Prime Major- in 1731–1797 the upper rank of the military rank of major.
Captain- military rank in the cavalry. Corresponded to the military ranks of a captain in the infantry, a captain in the Cossack troops, a lieutenant commander, and then a senior lieutenant in the navy and a civilian collegiate assessor.
Second Major- in 1731–1798 the lowest level of the military rank of major.
Secund Lieutenant- a military rank introduced in the Russian army in 1703 and replaced in the "Table of Ranks" in 1722 with a second lieutenant.
Second Captain- in 1730–1797 military rank in the cavalry units of the guard, corresponding to the captain-lieutenant of the guard.
Senior Lieutenant- a naval rank, corresponding to the military ranks of a captain in the infantry, a captain in the cavalry, a captain in the Cossack troops and a civilian collegiate assessor.
Fanen Juncker- military rank in dragoon regiments for non-commissioned officers from the nobility in 1798–1802. In the regiments of heavy cavalry, he corresponded to the military rank of standard junker, in light cavalry and artillery - the junker belt, in the infantry - the ensign belt.
Feldwebel- a military rank that has existed in the Russian army since the beginning of the 18th century. Assistant commander for administrative and economic issues. In the cavalry, horse artillery and Cossack troops, he corresponded to the military rank of sergeant major.
Courier- a military or government courier with the rank of non-commissioned officer for the delivery of important, often secret documents. Introduced in Russia in 1796
cornet- a person holding a banner (banner). In 1798–1884 in Russia, a military rank in the Cossack troops. Corresponded to the military rank of ensign, civil provincial secretary.
Staff captain- military rank in the infantry, dragoons, artillery and engineering troops, guards. Corresponded to the military ranks of staff captain, podaul, lieutenant, civilian titular adviser.
Junker bayonet- military rank in artillery in 1722–1796
Estandart Junker- military rank in 1788–1802 in the cavalry for non-commissioned officers from the nobility.
From the book of Nedelin author Tolubko Vladimir FyodorovichASSIGNMENT OF MILITARY RANKS 1936, January 13 - Major. 1939, March 5 - Colonel. 1942, March 1 - Major General of Artillery. 1943, September 25 - Lieutenant General of Artillery. 1944, 3 April - Colonel General of Artillery. 1953, August 4 - Marshal of Artillery. 1959, May 8 - Chief
From the book War on pacific ocean. Carriers in Combat [Illustrated] author Sherman Frederick From the book War in the Pacific. Aircraft carriers in battle author Sherman Frederick From the book Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach author Schulze Hans-JoachimTHE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY: PUBLISHERS ARE READY TO TAKE THE RISK Unsuccessful edition of chorales350 (III/753) To the attention of the public. Recently, Herr Birnstil (without in any way informing me) as boldly as ignorantly (in terms of music) published a second notebook in Berlin
From the book Tank battles of the SS troops author Fey WillyTable of correspondence between the ranks of the SS troops and the Wehrmacht Rank in the SS troops Rank p
From the book 352 victories in the air. The best ace of the Luftwaffe Erich Hartmann author Toliver Raymond F.List of Luftwaffe ranks
From the book Heroes of the First World War author Bondarenko Vyacheslav Vasilievich"And there were friendly family soldier, cornet and general…”: the system of military ranks and ranks in the Russian army and navy on the eve and during the First World War The first military ranks and ranks appeared in Russia in the 30s of the 17th century. But they were brought into a harmonious system only in
From the book The Theosophist's Path in the Land of the Soviets: Memoirs author Armand David LvovichANCESTORS (End of the 18th century, until 1905)
From the book "Wolf Packs" in World War II. Legendary submarines of the Third Reich the author Gromov AlexAppendix IV The system of ranks and positions The system of ranks of the KriegsmarineMannschaften - enlisted personnel.Unteroffiziere, UnteroffizieremitdemRiemen - non-commissioned officers, respectively, junior and senior. Oberoffiziere, Stabsoffiziere - officers. Hoehereoffiziere - admiral staff. Positions and
From the book "Shelter of pensive dryads" [Pushkin estates and parks] author Egorova Elena Nikolaevna From the book Reader on the History of the Russian Theater of the 18th and 19th Centuries author Ashukin Nikolai SergeevichV. Provincial theater From the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century
From the book Unknown Langemak [Constructor "Katyusha"] author Glushko Alexander ValentinovichChapter Eleven About Military Ranks at the Reactive Institute Lately among historians and specialists in the history of astronautics, questions often arise related to the correct dating of photographs of the pioneers of rocket technology in the USSR in the period of the 1920-1930s,
From the book Russian Entrepreneurs. Engines of progress author Mudrova Irina Anatolyevna From the book Create your family tree. How to find your ancestors and write the history of your own family without spending a lot of time and money author Andreev Alexander Radievich From the book Religious Fates of Great People of Russian National Culture author Vedernikov Anatoly VasilievichConducting a military search, combat way and awards of ancestors - participants of the Great Patriotic War, Civil and First World Wars, including participants white movement, up to the time of the creation of the Russian regular army at the beginning of the 18th century.
From the author's bookRussian freemasonry of the 18th century
The highest military rank in the ground forces of the German, Austrian and Russian armies. First introduced in Germany in the 16th century. In Russia, it was introduced in 1699 by Peter I. In France and some other states, it corresponded to a military rank ... ... Wikipedia
General Field Marshal, Privy Councillor, b. On April 25, 1652, he died on February 17, 1719. Boris Petrovich was the eldest of the sons of the boyar Pyotr Vasilyevich Sheremetev (Bolshoy) and lived with his father until the age of 18, mainly in Kiev, where he visited the Old ...
- (German Feldmarschall), or General Field Marshal (German Generalfeldmarschall) the highest military rank that existed in the armies of the German states, the Russian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and Austrian Empire. Corresponds to ... ... Wikipedia
Lieutenant General ... Wikipedia
A position in the central (commissariat) military administration of the Russian army, literally the chief military commissioner (meaning for supply). The general krieg commissar was in charge of supply, clothing and allowance personnel and ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see General Admiral (meanings). General admiral is one of the highest military ranks in the fleets of a number of states. Contents 1 Russia 2 Germany 3 Sweden ... Wikipedia
Field epaulette major general ground forces Russia since 2010 Major General is the primary military rank of senior officers, located between a colonel or brigadier general and ... Wikipedia
- ... Wikipedia
Field Marshal; son of a room steward, Prince. Vladimir Mikhailovich Dolgorukov, born in 1667. At first he served as a steward, and then moved to the Preobrazhensky Regiment. In the rank of captain, in 1705, he was wounded during the capture of the Mitava castle, in ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia
Order "For military valor" [[File:| ]] Original name Virtuti Militari Motto "Sovereign and Fatherland" Country Russia, Poland Type ... Wikipedia
Books
- No wonder the whole of Russia remembers ... Gift edition (number of volumes: 3), Ivchenko L.. For the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812, "Young Guard" has prepared many new editions. Among them are the biographies of the commanders who survived the battles with the previously invincible Napoleon and ...
- Tsesarevna. Sovereigns of Great Rus', Krasnov Pyotr Nikolaevich. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. Lieutenant General, Ataman of the Don Army P. N. Krasnov is also known as a writer. In the novel...
Appeared in the Holy Roman Empire. Later it began to be used in other German states (Saxony, Bavaria, Braunschweig), as well as in Sweden, the Netherlands, Great Britain (since 1736). From the middle of the 18th century, the imperial field marshal began to be called Austrian (since 1867 - Austro-Hungarian).
Germany
Rank "Field Marshal" by country
Countries in which the title currently exists
The rank (rank) of a field marshal and the rank (rank) equated to it (mushir, eng. mushir , governor (Serbia), captain general, farik, eng. fariq ), available in:
- Australia ( honorary title),
- Brazil (May 13, 2009, the only owner died this rank in the country, Marshal Waldemar Levi Cardoso, the title was awarded in 1966),
- Brunei (in addition to the existing rank of field marshal, there is the highest military rank (rank) assigned to the Sultan of Brunei, which approximately corresponds to the rank of generalissimo),
- Jordan (the holders of the title are usually the kings of Jordan or members of the royal family),
- Yemen (December 24, 1997, the rank of marshal was awarded to the President of the Republic, Ali Abdullah Saleh),
- Lesotho (has only the King of Lesotho
- Malaysia (current rank Yang di-Pertuan Agong translated as the Supreme\Supreme Ruler is assigned to the newly elected head of state (king) from the heads of the Malaysian states and only for the duration of his tenure),
- Morocco (has the king of Morocco),
- New Zealand (honorary title, awarded in 1954 to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh,
- Portugal (honorary title)
- Saudi Arabia (there are two field marshal ranks in the country's armed forces - field marshal And Field Marshal 1st Class (mushir) which is assigned to the king Saudi Arabia upon accession to the throne, that is, this rank (rank) can be equated to the rank (rank) of generalissimo),
- Swaziland (has only the king of Swaziland and only as an honorary title),
- Sri Lanka (first awarded to Sarath Fonseka in 2015).
Countries where the title existed previously
- Zaire (granted to President Mobutu Sese Seko in)
- Iraq (1979-2003, last holder of the title - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, title awarded in 1979)
- Spain (there is a title captain general approximately corresponding to the rank of field marshal; this title was held by: Francisco Franco (), Agustin Muñoz Grandes () and Camillo Alonso Vega (), today only the King of Spain (with) as Supreme Commander has this title)
- Manchukuo (in 1932-45 in the army of this state there was a rank Zong Shi Ling, which was the highest military rank and corresponded to the rank of field marshal in other countries)
- Mozambique (1975-1990) (President of Mozambique Samora Moises Machel held the rank of marshal),
- Portugal (exists only as an honorary title)
- Russian Empire (cf. Field Marshal General (Russia))
- North Yemen (1962-1990)
- Taiwan (the air force of this country has had the rank T'e-Chi Shang-Chiang, which corresponds to the rank of field marshal in other countries)
- Uganda (the only holder of the title, President Idi Amin, died, the title was awarded in)
- Philippines (assigned to Douglas MacArthur)
- Finland (May 16, 1933 the title was awarded to Carl Gustav Mannerheim (1867-1951))
- Montenegro (in - there was a title Vrhovni Komandant, which had only the king of Montenegro Nicholas I)
- Chile (the last holder of the title captain general, equated to the title field marshal Augusto Pinochet was
- Yugoslavia (the only holder of the title was Josip Broz Tito)
- Ethiopia (the title existed until 1976; its holders: from November 2, 1930 - Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia and from 1934 - His Highness Prince Seyum Mangasha Tigrey (-)).
Write a review on the article "Field Marshal"
Notes
Links
- (English) . Bamboo Web Dictionary. Retrieved September 16, 2009. .
- (English) . Retrieved September 16, 2009. .
- Saudi Royal Guard Regiment
- (English)
An excerpt characterizing the Field Marshal
Here, on the extreme left flank, Bennigsen spoke a lot and ardently and made, as it seemed to Pierre, an important order from a military point of view. Ahead of the disposition of Tuchkov's troops was an elevation. This elevation was not occupied by troops. Bennigsen loudly criticized this mistake, saying that it was foolish to leave the high ground unoccupied and place troops under it. Some generals expressed the same opinion. One in particular spoke with military vehemence that they were put here to be slaughtered. Bennigsen ordered in his name to move the troops to the heights.This order on the left flank made Pierre even more doubtful of his ability to understand military affairs. Listening to Bennigsen and the generals who condemned the position of the troops under the mountain, Pierre fully understood them and shared their opinion; but precisely because of this, he could not understand how the one who placed them here under the mountain could make such an obvious and gross mistake.
Pierre did not know that these troops were not sent to defend the position, as Benigsen thought, but were placed in a hidden place for an ambush, that is, in order to be unnoticed and suddenly strike at the advancing enemy. Bennigsen did not know this and moved the troops forward for special reasons, without telling the commander-in-chief about it.
On this clear August evening on the 25th, Prince Andrey was lying, leaning on his arm, in a broken barn in the village of Knyazkov, on the edge of his regiment. Through the hole in the broken wall, he looked at the strip of thirty-year-old birch trees with the lower branches cut off along the fence, at the arable land with smashed heaps of oats on it, and at the bushes, along which the smoke of fires - soldiers' kitchens - could be seen.
No matter how cramped and no one needs and no matter how hard his life now seemed to Prince Andrei, he, just like seven years ago in Austerlitz on the eve of the battle, felt agitated and irritated.
Orders for tomorrow's battle were given and received by him. There was nothing more for him to do. But the simplest, clearest and therefore terrible thoughts did not leave him alone. He knew that tomorrow's battle was to be the most terrible of all those in which he participated, and the possibility of death for the first time in his life, without any relation to worldly things, without considerations of how it would affect others, but only in relation to himself, to his soul, with liveliness, almost with certainty, simply and terribly, she presented herself to him. And from the height of this idea, everything that had previously tormented and occupied him was suddenly illuminated by a cold white light, without shadows, without perspective, without distinction of outlines. All life seemed to him like a magic lantern, into which he looked for a long time through glass and under artificial light. Now he suddenly saw, without glass, in the bright daylight, those badly painted pictures. “Yes, yes, here they are, those false images that agitated and delighted and tormented me,” he said to himself, turning over in his imagination the main pictures of his magic lantern of life, now looking at them in this cold white light of day - a clear thought of death. - Here they are, these roughly painted figures, which seemed to be something beautiful and mysterious. Glory, public good, love for a woman, the fatherland itself - how great these pictures seemed to me, what deep meaning they seemed to be filled with! And it's all so simple, pale and crude in the cold white light of that morning that I feel is rising for me." The three main sorrows of his life in particular caught his attention. His love for a woman, the death of his father and the French invasion that captured half of Russia. “Love! .. This girl, who seemed to me full of mysterious powers. How I loved her! I made poetic plans about love, about happiness with her. O dear boy! he said out loud angrily. - How! I believed in some perfect love who was supposed to keep her faithful to me for a whole year of my absence! Like the gentle dove of a fable, she must have withered away from me. And all this is much simpler ... All this is terribly simple, disgusting!
My father also built in the Bald Mountains and thought that this was his place, his land, his air, his peasants; and Napoleon came and, not knowing about his existence, like a chip from the road, pushed him, and his Bald Mountains and his whole life fell apart. And Princess Marya says that this is a test sent from above. What is the test for, when it no longer exists and will not exist? never again! He is not! So who is this test for? Fatherland, death of Moscow! And tomorrow he will kill me - and not even a Frenchman, but his own, as yesterday a soldier emptied a gun near my ear, and the French will come, take me by the legs and by the head and throw me into a pit so that I don’t stink under their noses, and new conditions will develop lives that will also be familiar to others, and I will not know about them, and I will not be.
He looked at the strip of birch trees, with their motionless yellowness, greenery and white bark, shining in the sun. "To die so that they would kill me tomorrow, so that I would not be ... so that all this would be, but I would not be." He vividly imagined the absence of himself in this life. And these birches with their light and shadow, and these curly clouds, and this smoke of bonfires - everything around was transformed for him and seemed something terrible and threatening. Frost ran down his back. Rising quickly, he went out of the shed and began to walk.
Voices were heard behind the barn.
- Who's there? - called Prince Andrew.
The red-nosed Captain Timokhin, Dolokhov's former company commander, now, due to the loss of officers, the battalion commander, timidly entered the shed. Behind him entered the adjutant and treasurer of the regiment.
Prince Andrei hurriedly got up, listened to what the officers had to convey to him in the service, gave them some more orders and was about to let them go, when a familiar, whispering voice was heard from behind the barn.
– Que diable! [Damn it!] said the voice of a man who had bumped into something.
Prince Andrei, looking out of the shed, saw Pierre coming up to him, who stumbled on a lying pole and almost fell. It was generally unpleasant for Prince Andrei to see people from his own world, especially Pierre, who reminded him of all those difficult moments that he experienced on his last visit to Moscow.
- That's how! - he said. - What fates? That's not waiting.
While he was saying this, there was more than dryness in his eyes and the expression of his whole face - there was hostility, which Pierre immediately noticed. He approached the barn in the most lively state of mind, but, seeing the expression on Prince Andrei's face, he felt embarrassed and awkward.
“I arrived ... so ... you know ... I arrived ... I’m interested,” said Pierre, who had so many times that day meaninglessly repeated this word “interesting”. “I wanted to see the fight.
– Yes, yes, but what do the Masons brothers say about the war? How to prevent it? - said Prince Andrei mockingly. - What about Moscow? What are mine? Have you finally arrived in Moscow? he asked seriously.
- We've arrived. Julie Drubetskaya told me. I went to them and did not find. They left for the suburbs.
The officers wanted to take their leave, but Prince Andrei, as if not wanting to remain eye to eye with his friend, invited them to sit and drink tea. Benches and tea were served. The officers, not without surprise, looked at the fat, huge figure of Pierre and listened to his stories about Moscow and the disposition of our troops, which he managed to travel around. Prince Andrei was silent, and his face was so unpleasant that Pierre turned more to the good-natured battalion commander Timokhin than to Bolkonsky.
Author - Bo4kaMeda . This is a quote from this post.
Brought up in battles, in the midst of abusive bad weather | Portraits of Field Marshals of the Russian ArmyRussian Army
You are immortal forever, O Russian giants,
In battles, they were brought up in the midst of abusive bad weather!
A. S. Pushkin, "Memories in Tsarskoye Selo"
“In their gigantic thousand-year work, the creators of Russia relied on three great foundations - spiritual power Orthodox Church, the creative genius of the Russian People and the valor of the Russian Army.
Anton Antonovich Kersnovsky
His Serene Highness Prince Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1850
In battle and battle, the soldier wins, but it is known that the mass of even excellently trained fighters is worth little if it does not have a worthy commander. Russia, having shown the world an amazing type of ordinary soldier, whose fighting and moral qualities have become a legend, has also given birth to many first-class military leaders. The battles fought by Alexander Menshikov and Pyotr Lassi, Pyotr Saltykov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov, Ivan Paskevich and Iosif Gurko entered the annals of military art, they were studied and are being studied in military academies all over the world.
Field Marshal General - the highest military rank in Russia from 1700 to 1917. (The Generalissimo was outside the system of officer ranks. Therefore, the field marshal general was actually the highest military rank.) According to the "Table of Ranks" of Peter I, this is an army rank of the 1st class, corresponding to the admiral general in the navy, the chancellor and the actual Privy Councilor I class in the civil service. In the military regulations, Peter retained the rank of generalissimo, but he himself did not assign it to anyone, since “this rank only belongs to the crowned heads and great sovereign princes, and especially to the one whose army is. In his non-existence, he gives command over the entire army to his general field marshal.
His Serene Highness Prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov (the one whose wife Pushkin molested). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1856
His Serene Highness Prince Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1929
Count Ivan Ivanovich Dibich-Zabalkansky (a native of Prussia in the Russian service). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1729.
His Serene Highness Prince Peter Khristianovich Wittgenstein (Ludwig Adolf Peter zu Sein-Wittgenstein). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1826
Prince Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1814
1812 - Most Serene Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov Smolensky. Promoted to Field Marshal 4 days after the Battle of Borodino.
Count Valentin Platonovich Musin-Pushkin. A courtier and a very mediocre commander, whom Catherine II favored for her zeal in enthroning her. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1797.
Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796
Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov.
Count Ivan Grigoryevich Chernyshev - Field Marshal General for the Navy (this is a strange title, awarded in 1796, Paul I came up with for him in order not to give the rank of Admiral General). He was more of a courtier than a soldier.
Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796
His Serene Highness Prince Nikolai Ivanovich Saltykov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796
Prince Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1794. Five years later, in 1799, he received the title of Generalissimo.
His Serene Highness Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1784
Count Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1773
Count Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev.
Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1770
Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1769
Count Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky, the last hetman of the Zaporizhia Army from 1750 to 1764. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1764
Count Alexei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin. In 1744-1758 - state chancellor. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1762.
Count Alexei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin.
Duke Peter August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sondergburg-Beck. Quite a "career" general in the Russian service. Governor-General of St. Petersburg from 1761 to 1762. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1762
Count Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov (Mosaic portrait, workshop of M.V. Lomonosov). The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1761
Count Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov
Count Alexander Ivanovich Shuvalov. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1761
Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.
Count Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.
Count Alexander Borisovich Buturlin. Better known as the Moscow mayor. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.
Prince Nikita Yurievich Trubetskoy. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.
Pyotr Petrovich Lassi. Irish in the Russian service. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1736.
Pyotr Petrovich Lassi.
Count Burchard Christopher Munnich. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1732.
Count Burchard Christopher Munnich.
Prince Ivan Yurievich Trubetskoy. The last boyar in Russian history. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1728.
The ranks of the Russian Army 1716-1722.
Preface.
In the article "Tables of military ranks. Russian Army 1716-1722" due to the lack of complete and reliable information that can be obtained exclusively from primary sources, I outlined the system of military ranks in a greatly simplified form, and I collected it from a large number of secondary sources, the authors of which there were historians who did not take the trouble to understand this complex system in due measure, and often simply incompetent people. To my deepest regret, I went along with them, although partly due to the fact that it is extremely difficult to find the original documents of the Petrine era today. However, thanks to V.V. Golubtsov from St. Petersburg, I acquired a copy of the Military Charter of 1716, although, unfortunately, not a reprint edition, and now I have the opportunity to present the system of military ranks in a more correct form, although it is not completely accurate and correct. the creators themselves were able to state.
First of all, it should be noted that in those days military ranks in the sense in which we understand them today simply did not exist. For example, today a person with the rank of "captain" can perform the positions of company commander, head of the regiment's first-aid post, orchestra conductor, battery commander, commander of the special forces group, head of the missile crew, head of the financial service of the regiment, assistant chief of staff of the regiment, head of physical training and sports of the regiment, and many more positions.
Those. the rank of an officer is divorced from his duties and, in fact, simply means the level of his military qualifications.
In the 18th century, things were very different. Military ranks did not exist at all. There were well-defined positions, or as they were then called - ranks. For example, the captain was an officer who commanded a company. If he was removed from command of the company, he ceased to be a captain. Those. based on philology, the words "captain" and "company commander" are synonyms.
If an officer of this level (rank) performed a different position, then he was called differently. For example, in the artillery, he was called the "Shtik-Hauptmann", and the officer used by the Field Marshal General to carry out his assignments was called the "Adjutant Wing of the Field Marshal General". Everything is strictly according to the duties performed.
Actually, in civil life so now. If a person manages a plant, then he is called "Director" or "Director of the plant". And if he was fired, then he is no longer a director.
From the author. Analyzing the ranks in the Charter, it turned out to be extremely difficult to build their hierarchy. Basically, there is a listing of ranks, i.e. positions available in a company, regiment, higher management structures without division into lines, say, command, rear, legal, medical. In many cases, the rank or level of a particular rank is not indicated, which will be determined somewhat later (Table of Ranks of 1722). Perhaps the only criterion by which it turned out to be possible to at least somehow arrange the ranks according to their levels is the number of portions and rations, i.e. products issued to military personnel. For example, a field marshal general received 200 servings, and a soldier received one serving. All other ranks received the appropriate amount of products, obviously depending on the hierarchical position of this rank in the army.
Readers' attention should also be drawn to the frequently used word "general". At that time the word was used in two senses. Firstly, "General" as the designation of the highest military leader, and secondly, "General" as the designation of the chief specialist (auditor general, professional general). Therefore, one should not be surprised to meet generals of rank below the captain in the table below.
I tried to give the names of the ranks in the spelling in which they are in the Charter. I did not dare to compare them with modern ranks in the way I usually do in rank tables (using the coding of ranks that I developed). This will not be correct in all cases.
The names of the ranks given in the tables will in some cases be incomprehensible to the modern reader. Therefore, below the tables a brief explanation of these ranks is given, i.e. what did the military man wearing this rank do.
Each cell of the table lists all available ranks of the same level (rank). The charter divides all ranks into the following groups:
* General ranks;
* Headquarters officer ranks;
* Chief officer ranks;
* Non-commissioned officer ranks.
From the author. It is curious that later non-commissioned officers in the Russian Army were somehow gradually and imperceptibly shifted to the soldiers and ceased to be considered related to the officers, while the Charter of 1716 considered them to be officers, and not sergeants (as this category is called today) composition.
| Category | № | Governing bodies | Infantry Regiment Headquarters | Infantry company |
| General ranks | 1 | Generalissimo | ||
| 2 | Field Marshal General | |||
| 3 | General-Kriegs-Komisar | |||
| 4 | General Field Marshal Lieutenant | |||
| 5 | General of Infantry General of the cavalry |
|||
| 6 | General Lieutenant | |||
| 7 | General Major | |||
| 8 | Brigadier | |||
| Headquarters officer ranks | 9 | General Quartermaster Oberster-Kriegs-Komisar Adjutant General Sovereign |
Colonel | |
| 10 | Ober-Komisar Chief Engineer* Feld-Kriegs-Zalmeister** General Quartermaster Lieutenant High Field Priest Auditor General |
|||
| 11 | General Auditor Lieutenant Adjutant General of General Feldmarshalkov |
Lieutenant colonel | ||
| 12 | General Staff Quartermaster General-Adjutant General Feldmarshalkov-Lieutenant General Fiscal |
|||
| 13 | Field postmaster Chief Quartermaster |
|||
| 14 | General Wagenmeister | |||
| 15 | Generals-Adjutant General of Infantry Generals Adjutant General of the Cavalry |
Prime Major | ||
| 16 | Secund Major | |||
| 17 | Secretary General Feldmarshalkov Secretary of the Commissariat Feld-Medicus Ober-Fiscal |
|||
| Chief officer ranks | 18 | Adjutant Wing of General Feldmarshalkov Wing-Adjutant of General Feldmarshalkov-Lieutenant Adjutant Wing of General Feldmarshalkov Wing-Adjutant General of Infantry Wing-Adjutant of the General from the cavalry Lieutenant General's Adjutant Wing |
Captain | |
| 19 | Secretary General Feldmarshalkov-Lieutenant | |||
| 20 | Secretary General of Infantry Secretary General of the Cavalry Chief Auditor Chief Quartermaster field doctor |
|||
| 21 | General Prophos General Gewaldiger Field Apothecary Captain over the reins |
|||
| 22 | Lieutenant Captain | |||
| 23 | Lieutenant | |||
| 24 | Sub-lieutenant | |||
| 25 | Field courier Headquarters Furier |
Fiscal | ||
| 26 | Adjutant Major General | Quartermaster | Ensign | |
| Non-commissioned officer ranks | 27 | Head physician | Komisar Adjutant |
|
| 28 | Scribe to General Feldmarshalkov Under Commissar |
Auditor Pop healer |
Sergeant | |
| 29 | Scribe to General Feldmarshalkov-Lieutenant Infantry General's Scribe Cavalry General's Scribe Lieutenant General's Scribe Major General's Scribe Brigadier's clerk Scribe to provisions Apothecary gezel |
Provisional master Obozny Clerk Profos |
Ensign Captainarmus Furier Corporal Company clerk Company paramedic |
|
| privates | 30 | corporal | ||
| 31 | Saldat Leibshitz pfeiffer Oboist Flaker Drummer |
* It is not clear why the chief engineer was separated from the engineering troops and assigned to the administrative bodies. Obviously due to the fact that his place was with the commander.
** This rank in a number of cases is referred to in the Charter as "General-Kriegskalmeister". It turned out to be impossible to distribute on the table such ranks of this service as Kriegscalmeister, Kriegskasirer and Pisar. The ranks of these ranks are not defined in any way and the portion norms are not defined by them.
| Category | № | Headquarters of the Dragoon Regiment | Dragoon company | Artillery | Engineers |
| General ranks | 5 | Feldzeigmeister General | |||
| Headquarters officer ranks | 9 | Colonel | Colonel | Colonel | |
| 10 | Chief Commissar | ||||
| 11 | Lieutenant colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Lieutenant colonel | ||
| 15 | Prime Major | Adjutant General of the Feldzeugmeister General Hauptmann-Head Ober Hauptmann Major |
Major | ||
| 16 | Secund Major | ||||
| Chief officer ranks | 18 | Captain | Adjutant Wing of the Feldzeugmeister General Shtik-Hauptman Schanz-Hauptmann* |
Captain | |
| 20 | Secretary General Feldzeugmeister Quartermaster |
||||
| 23 | Lieutenant | Lieutenant | |||
| 24 | Sub-lieutenant | ||||
| 25 | Fiscal | ||||
| 26 | Quartermaster | Ensign | Shtik-Junker | Ensign Quartermaster |
|
| Non-commissioned officer ranks | 27 | Komisar Adjutant |
Master saddleman Feldzeig-Warter. Zeigschreiber. |
||
| 28 | Auditor Pop healer |
Wahmister | Ober-Fireworksmeister Auditor Field Priest healer Ober-Wagenmeister (upper convoy) Artillery clerk Master blacksmith. saddlery clerk Brukenmeister (or bridge master) *. |
Feld-webel healer |
|
| 29 | Provisional master Obozny Clerk Profos |
Furier Company clerk Company paramedic |
Unter Wagenmeister (lower convoy). Provisional master Provisional clerk. Zeigdiner (corporal). Furier. Under blacksmith master. False master (corporal) Saddle master. belt master Core master. A carpenter suede master Vervosh Master Profos Unter-surrier clerk Konoval |
Corporal | |
| privates | 30 | corporal | corporal | ||
| 31 | Dragoon Leibshitz Company Blacksmith, Company Saddleman |
Zeigdiner horse. Zeigdiner infantry. Furier shitz. Medical apprentice. blacksmith apprentice false master Belt apprentice. Koret apprentice. carpentry apprentice suede apprentice Rope Apprentice Powder guard. Wagenbauer (cart builder). Attendant at the shores. Artillery servant. Butcher. Khlebnik. Melnik. Drummer |
Pioneer digger petarier A carpenter Private |
* It is not entirely clear why the ranks of Schantz-Hauptmann and Brukenmeister are assigned to artillery, while these are just engineering specialists. The first is a specialist in the field of field fortification, and the second in the field of building bridges and crossings.
Let us explain the essence of the duties performed by some ranks.
Brigadier- this is the commander of a temporary formation, made up of 2-3 regiments, and the regiments of dragoons and infantry, or only dragoons, or only infantry, can be combined into a brigade. Since this connection is temporary, the rank of brigadier is also temporary.
The division and the corps were also temporary associations (a division of several brigades, a corps of several brigades or divisions). Naturally, it is wrong to correlate the ranks of major general and lieutenant general with the positions of division and corps commander. Actually, at the head of the army was a field marshal general, who had a deputy (field marshal lieutenant general). He was assisted by three generals (general of infantry, general of cavalry and general feldzeugmeister). The first of them was responsible for all infantry, the second for all cavalry, the third for artillery and engineering troops.
In general, they were only considered real generals. Below were lieutenant generals, i.e. assistant generals and even lower major generals, i.e. "chief majors", who, on an army scale, played approximately the same role as majors in regiments, i.e. senior officers are really responsible for everything. Usually in the army with real generals there was one lieutenant general and 4-6 major generals each. Naturally, as needed, several regiments were temporarily reduced to brigades, divisions, and sometimes even corps. Naturally, the general from infantry (from the cavalry) instructed one of his assistants to head one of these temporary associations.
But due to the importance of these ranks, they were all reduced to the category of generals.
The Feldzegmeister General was responsible for all the artillery and engineer troops, as well as for the infantry and cavalry transferred to him.
But regiments and companies, these were permanent military formations. Here the ranks were more stable.
Colonel. Regiment in command.
Lieutenant colonel. Substitutes for the Colonel in his absence. In battle, he leads one of the two or three battalions into which the front of the regiment is divided.
Major. Senior officer of the regiment. Leads daily activities regiment, personnel training.
Captain. Commands a company.
Lieutenant Captain. Deputy captain.
Lieutenant. Senior assistant to the captain.
Sub-lieutenant. Mate.
Ensign. Junior Assistant Captain. Responsible for the safety of the company banner, but wears it only in battle. Also responsible for the supervision of the sick, wounded and otherwise infirm. In the campaign, he is responsible for the stragglers from the company.
From the author. It is worth noting that in the Russian Army, companies began to be divided not into corporals, but into platoons already in the middle of the 19th century. But even then the platoon was commanded not by an officer, but by a senior non-commissioned officer. Lieutenants, second lieutenants and warrant officers were assistants to the company commander, but not platoon commanders. True, it was a common practice that the company commander entrusted constant supervision of the first two platoons to a lieutenant and the second two platoons to a second lieutenant. In army usage, the name "half-company" has taken root. But this division was unofficial.
The officer position of a platoon commander, at least in the Red Army, became only by the mid-thirties.
Kriegskomisar General(in the text of the charter, this rank is written both as General-Krigs-Komisar and as General-Krigskomisar) speaking in modern terms, this is the deputy commander for rear. He is responsible for all aspects of financial and economic activity, for providing the troops with money, clothing, food, transport property.
Because of the great importance logistic support the krieg commissar general was considered the second leader in the army after the field marshal, although he was not the head of the other generals.
Ober Ster Kriegskomisar Deputy General-Kriegskommissar.
Officials Those who have the word "commissar" in the name of their ranks, respectively, perform similar duties in the lower levels of the army hierarchy.
Quartermaster General. Although he is called a general, his rank is colonel and the word general here means the concept of "chief". He is responsible for providing the army with maps, compiling maps, laying routes for movement, for placing defensive fortifications, fortified camps. He also, during military operations and campaigns, assigns tasks to engineering troops for the construction of defensive structures, the repair and construction of roads and crossings on the routes of movement of troops. He also distributes the shelves to the places of quartering.
Officials who have the word "quartermaster" in the title of their ranks, respectively, perform similar duties in the lower levels of the army hierarchy. In the company, these duties are assigned to the furier.
General Auditor. Head of the Legal Service of the Army. Performs the duties of the main supervising body for the observance of laws in the army, i.e. prosecutor. But he also has the rights of a military judge.
Adjutants. This is far from what we are accustomed to understand by this word (something like a lackey in officer's shoulder straps or an officer for small personal assignments). They are rather the chiefs and employees of the personal headquarters of the corresponding generals. Their duties included the written fixation of orders and directives given by the military leaders, the transfer of these orders to the appropriate lower commanders, control over the execution of orders, and reporting to the military leaders of the results. Actually, all official communication of military leaders with subordinate units was carried out just through adjutants.
* The emperor had three adjutant generals (I remind you once again that the concept of "chief adjutant" is meant here) in the rank of colonels, and four adjutant wing in the rank of captains;
* The Field Marshal General had three adjutant generals in the rank of lieutenant colonels, and four adjutant wing in the rank of captains;
* Field Marshal Lieutenant General had two adjutant generals in the rank between lieutenant colonel and major, and three adjutant wing in the rank of captains;
* The general (from the infantry, from the cavalry, feldzeugmeister) had one adjutant general (pay attention to the name of the rank) in the rank of major, and two adjutant wing in the rank of captains;
* The lieutenant general had one adjutant wing in the rank of captain;
*Major General had one adjutant in the rank of ensign.
And finally, the regiment had an adjutant in non-commissioned officer rank.
It is worth noting that each general also had secretaries and a clerk. Thus, we see that the post-graduate course really was a kind of headquarters system.
This is much later with the development of a real staff service, which will happen by the beginning of the 19th century, the service of adjutants will really be reduced to the execution of personal assignments, and the rank of adjutant general and adjutant wing of the emperor will become just an honorary title.
Callmeister. Modern accountant.
The captain of the reins. An official responsible for ensuring that the troops move along the desired routes and arrive at the intended points. He must seek out local residents guides who know the surrounding area and provide troops with them. Something like the head of the conductor service.
Wagenmeister. Starting from the highest position in this service, the General Wagenmeister, and down to the lowest - the Convoy, these are the persons responsible for the convoys, i.e. carts with horses, on which items and supplies necessary for the troops are loaded. Wagenmeister determines the number of wagons in each convoy, the routes and order of their movement, directs the movement. He is also responsible for the repair of roads and bridges, through which convoy cargo is delivered.
Furier. There is the name furier. Responsible for the distribution of houses between units and military personnel, the locations of units in the camp, the organization of the arrangement of tents in the camps, the placement of personnel in houses and tents.
Hoff headquarters. Court servants, providing comfortable accommodation and service to the reigning persons. At their head is Gough-Furier.
General Gewaldiger. He is Rumor Meister. Head of a service that can be called a service military police. He oversees order and discipline among the soldiers, searches for and catches deserters, marauders. It has the right to execute fugitives and marauders.
Fiscal. What we now call the Special Section. He watches over all military personnel in order to timely identify enemy spies, traitors, pests, persons preparing to desert, entering into relations with the enemy. Investigates complex crimes. Reports to the top about all emergencies, disorders.
Prof. A person supervising prisoners and maintaining cleanliness in the locations of units. He also performs corporal punishment. The General Profos is responsible for the service of all Profos.
Sergeant. There is one sergeant in the company. talking modern language, this is the foreman of the company. In the cavalry, this rank is called Wahmister, in artillery Ober-Fierwerkmeister, in engineering units Feld-vebel. Manages all affairs in the company and commands all personnel in the absence of officers.
Captainarmus. A non-commissioned officer is one step below a sergeant. Responsible for the provision of ammunition, for the condition of weapons and their repair.
Ensign. In the campaign he carries the company banner, in battle he assists the ensign. Directly oversees the sick and those lagging behind on the march, being an assistant ensign in this matter.
Corporal. The name of this rank quickly transformed into a corporal. He commanded a corporal, i.e. 1/6 of the company (approximately 25-35 people. The company at that time was divided into 6 corporals.
From the author. A corporal is usually considered the most junior non-commissioned officer in command of a squad. However, it is worth knowing that the company was not divided into platoons and squads. The company was divided into corporals, which can be compared to a modern platoon. So corporal is a very high rank.
Corporal. Corporal's assistant.
From the author. For unclear reasons, this rank is not in the Charter in the lists of ranks of infantry and dragoon companies. He is mentioned only among the engineers, where he is called corporal. Obviously, before its publication, the Charter was not carefully read by anyone, ambiguities, uncertainties and inconsistencies were not eliminated by anyone.
Modern statutes Russian Army they are also guilty of this.
Leibshitz. A soldier in charge of the safety of an officer in combat. bodyguard.
The charter does not explain the ranks of artillery - Zeugdiner equestrian and Zeigdiner infantry, but apparently, based on consonance with German words, this is a horse and foot artilleryman. Later, they will obviously be renamed gunners.
Also, the charter does not explain the ranks of Pioneer, Underminer, Petarier among engineers, but most likely this is a sapper, a miner and a bomber, respectively.
Sources and literature.
1. Charter of the military land. Printed by the command of the Tsar's Majesty in the St. Petersburg printing house of the Lord's Letter, 1716.
2. The book of the Charter of the sea. About everything related to good governance when the fleet was at sea. Printed by the command of the ROYAL MAJESTY in the St. Petersburg Printing House of the Lord's Letter 1720 April on the 13th day
3.O.Leonov, I.Ulyanov. Regular infantry. 1698-1801. AST. Moscow. 1995
