Types of bear butterflies. Bear butterflies. Grim Cave Butterfly

The bear butterfly got its name due to the appearance of the caterpillar, which is covered with thick hairs reminiscent of bear fur. Large fur balls really look more like baby animals than insects.

Family Features

All female bears are relatively large in size. They have a plump body. The front wings are triangular in shape and in most species are brightly colored. The hind wings are smaller and often have a modest coloration. A calm or resting bear butterfly folds its wings like a house, hiding their brightness.

An important feature common to the entire family is toxicity. The blood of these butterflies has a bitter taste - this is for those who did not understand the signal of the motley wings and still decided to attack. Most poisonous creatures look striking, as if warning predators about their peculiarity. It is difficult to digest such prey; it can cause irritation in digestive system or allergies.

Young people are no less protected. Not only does the bear butterfly caterpillar have bitter, poisonous blood, but its hairs also secrete a strong irritant. Not only should you not chew it, but you shouldn’t even touch it. Thanks to this feature, both adult butterflies and caterpillars have virtually no natural enemies.

Caterpillar

Before they turn into butterflies, caterpillars have to do a lot of work and complete important task- eat for future use. Therefore, they are omnivorous and gluttonous. Caterpillars eat shrubs and herbaceous plants, and tree foliage. This harms the plants.

Before pupation, the caterpillar spins a loose, silky cocoon. She weaves her own fallen hairs into the walls. The pupa inside the cocoon is motionless.

Lifestyle of the bear butterfly

Ursa bears are distributed throughout the world. Entomologists know about 11 thousand species representing the bear family. At least 60 species of these butterflies live in the European part of Russia.

Most female bears are nocturnal or active, but there are certain types who are awake during the day, although they are in the minority.

It is noteworthy that bears have no developed oral apparatus at all. Adult sexually mature individuals - imago - do not eat food.

Lady bear

IN middle lane The lady bear butterfly is very common. It is quite large, its wingspan reaches 5.5 cm.

These butterflies live in shady and damp places in June and July. They inhabit ravines, river banks, forest glades and clearings. Caterpillars eat leaves of bushes and herbaceous plants: willow, blackberry, strawberry. Pupation occurs in the spring.

Kaya bear

No less common is the Kaya bear. Representatives of the species are very beautiful. The wingspan of up to 8 cm makes them one of the largest in our country.

The fore wings of the female bear kaya are coffee brown, with white constrictions. On the rear red wings there are large black and blue peas.

Kaya bears live in late summer. Their black, furry caterpillars emerge in the fall, survive the winter, and transform into butterflies in the summer. At the moment of danger, the caterpillars curl up into a ring, protecting all their important organs, exposing their poisonous hairs. Caterpillars weave their cocoons under snags and fallen tree trunks.

American polar bear

The beautiful snow-white hairy-headed bear butterfly is actually a formidable pest for agriculture and forestry. This species comes from North America in the middle of the last century it came to Europe, from where it spread across Ukraine, southern and western Russia, and penetrated into Turkmenistan and other countries of the Middle East. Experts believe that this could not have happened due to natural reasons and the butterflies came to the mainland with cargo transported across the Atlantic.

As this butterfly is also sometimes called, it is of medium size, its wingspan does not exceed 3.6 cm. Environmentalists and the quarantine service are taking measures to prevent the further spread of this pest.

Leopard bear

This butterfly is found in the eastern United States. Its wingspan reaches 8 cm, which makes it one of the most major representatives families.

Hebe the Bear

A common species of Hebe bear is found in steppe zone. This bear is a country butterfly and can be found at night, from May to July.

Hebe's wingspan reaches 5.5 cm. Her forewings are light, with dark constrictions. The hind wings are red, decorated with dark spots.

Grim Cave Butterfly

Transcaspian gloomy bear - very unusual butterfly. It owes its name to both its unprepossessing appearance and lifestyle. This insect spends most of its life on the walls of caves and the stalactites growing on them. At night, this butterfly emerges from its hiding place and often flies up to tourist sites, attracted by the light of fires. It is noteworthy that caterpillars and pupae live far from caves, preferring steppes covered with wormwood and forbs.

This species is still poorly studied. And other representatives of bears keep many secrets.

10.01.2014 16:21

This photo aroused healthy interest on the biological Internet: excuse me, what is this? What kind of scary trick is this? But no. Not the first thing that comes to mind. This is a coremata, (Greek - coremata), or feather duster, literally, a dust whisk - an odorous gland thrown out, found in the males of some species of butterflies. Bear butterflies especially often boast of such a thing.

Since butterflies do not live communally, side by side, finding a suitable partner of their own species is sometimes not so easy. So they send signal “missiles” of pheromones into the air, which are produced by these very odorous glands inside males and females. To release pheromones outward, the glands are thrown outward. In males they can reach impressive sizes.

From the description of the sex pheromones of two bear butterflies*, Creatonotos transiens and Creatonotos gangis: “The coremata is a large, forcefully ejected organ, consisting of a pair of tubes, reaching 37 mm in length, each covered with approximately 3000 sensitive hairs (scales).”

The coremata can be longer than the butterfly itself and different shapes- from a small pompom to a long tube. The hairs help distribute pheromones around to attract females, and males, among other things, actively flap their wings to disperse the scent as widely as possible. It is also interesting that males often hit females on the head with these very hairy processes. Hm.

The organ is inflated by the flow of blood or air: in the illustration, air is blown into the body cavity of a dead butterfly using a pipette. A living male enlarges the core by pumping air into the abdomen.

After successful docking with a female who responded to the pheromone call, the coremata decreases in size and the penis increases. But that's not all. Now comes the main point: the male needs to hold the female long enough for fertilization to take place. In general, procreation is not an easy job.

For an entomologist, playing doctor is just beginning here. The study of butterfly genitals is so important that many devices have been invented for this entertainment alone. And all the most intimate and important things for precise definition kind of hidden, naturally, inside. And the reason for this... reduction in size. Yes, those same ones. It can be quite difficult to straighten the males' genitals enough to examine important details.

But even here there were big-headed Australians who came up with a kind of pump to enlarge the butterfly’s organs. “Using a stream of pressurized alcohol, the phalloblaster enlarges the genitals to recreate the shape and volume of a living butterfly's organs. The alcohol dries and tans the tissue, and when the process is completed, the genitals retain their created shape and remain inflated, like miniature ones. Balloons. This makes it easier to work with the genitals.”

In general, the scientific name of the phalloblaster is vesica everter, literally, “vesical everter.” Although, who needs some kind of twister when there is a falloblaster?

And a little more about penises. It is known that females of some species of butterflies evaluate males by the amount of pheromones emitted by the latter, by body size and even (oops!) by the size of the coremata. Many of the males that have these "ticklers" were former caterpillars that taste terrible, thanks to the alkaloids they obtained from plant leaves as they fed. These alkaloids are retained in the body of the adult butterfly.

The amount of alkaloids received by the caterpillar during the feeding phase directly affects the size of the adult male's coremata and the amount of pheromones produced, so more toxic males have a higher sexual rating than, for example, an average, less poisonous fellow. Some of the toxins are transferred to the female during fertilization, with sperm, and also to the eggs that she later lays to protect her and her offspring from predators. Of course, females prefer males with a large core.

For those who want to learn more about the intricacies of the caterpillar diet, male attractiveness, and female receptivity of some butterfly species, read For Love of Insects by Thomas Eisner, a pioneer in chemical ecology. The book can be purchased here: http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674018273. Another of his books " Secret weapon" (Secret Weapons), which talks about how

Butterflies got their name “bear” from the appearance of their caterpillars, whose bodies are covered with dark, long hairs. These caterpillars are really appearance They look like little bear cubs.

Dipper butterflies are perfectly protected from enemies: their blood is poisonous and bitter, and in addition, the bear has a frightening coloring. Caterpillars are also well protected; in addition to poisonous blood, they have poisonous hairs that provoke a severe allergic reaction in people.

Ursa butterflies come in medium to large sizes. As a rule, they are variegated and brightly colored. Their front wings are triangular in shape, wide and elongated. The wings are decorated with a pattern of stripes, lines and spots. The hind wings are not so variegated, yellow, red and Pink colour. When the bear is in a calm state, her wings fold into a house.

Their body is thick and completely covered with hairs. The legs are hairy and short. The antennae are comb-like.

Lifestyle of a bear

Bears live all over the world. There are about 11 thousand species of these butterflies. About 60 species live in the European part of our country.

Mostly these butterflies are nocturnal or crepuscular, but certain species fly during the day, for example, the plantain bear. The mouthparts of these butterflies are not developed, so they do not feed throughout their lives.

Bear caterpillars are polyphagous; they eat many shrubs and herbaceous plants, and they also damage numerous trees.

Before pupating, the caterpillar weaves a silky, loose cocoon. She braids the falling hairs into the walls of the cocoon. Inside the cocoon, the bear's pupae are motionless.

Lady Bear

One of the notable representatives of the family in the middle zone is the lady bear. The wingspan of the butterfly reaches 55 millimeters. The hind wings of the lady bear are yellow or bright red.

These butterflies live in shady, damp places. They meet from June to July. Their habitats are ravines, rivers, forest clearings. The caterpillars eat the leaves of bushes and herbaceous plants, such as willow, blackberries and raspberries. The caterpillars spend the winter in the soil and pupate in the spring.

Kaya bear

Another widespread group of bears is the Kaya bear. These butterflies are very beautiful, and they are one of the largest in Russia, their wingspan reaches 80 millimeters.

The female bear kaya has coffee-brown forewings with white bands. The red hind wings have large black peas with a blue tint.

Kaya bears are found in late summer. The caterpillars are black and hairy. They appear in the fall and spend the winter. These caterpillars have a very thick covering of hairs, thanks to which they resemble furry animals. In times of danger, the caterpillar takes a protective position: it curls into a ring, thus protecting all its vital organs, and the body is reliably protected from enemies by thick poisonous hairs. When the caterpillars pupate, they hide under fallen trunks and stones and weave their cocoons there.

Hebe the Bear

The she-bear Hebe lives in the steppe zone of our country. The wingspan of this butterfly reaches 55 millimeters. Their forewings are light, outer edge there are black spots, and in the center there are 3 narrow black bands. The hind wings are reddish with black spots. These are night butterflies. They fly from May to July.

It is believed that the thick “fur” of the caterpillars helps them insulate themselves on cold nights. In any case, they called the butterflies “dippers” for this thick hairline their caterpillars. Warty hairy bear caterpillars feed on a wide range of host plants, but they are especially fond of a variety of grasses.

Among the bears there are pests - for example, American white butterfly Hyphantria cunea. Young caterpillars of the American white butterfly build a web nest and live together in it. During the day, the caterpillars leave the nest and eat leaves, and in the evening they return to it and spend the night together. Having matured, the caterpillars leave their “native nest” and live alone, and then pupate.

Caterpillars of the bear Spilarctia imperialis also live in colonies, constructing a common web nest. This helps protect against many non-specific predators - not just any insect will get into the thick of the web. But the ground beetle Parena perforata lives right in these nests. More precisely, its larvae live in the nest and feed to their heart's content without leaving the nests of these caterpillars. The only thing that limits the larva is the size of the caterpillar: small ground beetle larvae cannot cope with a hefty caterpillar and are forced to make do with small caterpillars.

The Kaya bear is one of the most common in our country; it is distributed from the European part of Russia to Siberia and Far East. This one is comparatively large butterfly reaches 80 mm in wingspan. Butterflies are found in July-August, their wings are colored differently, but usually brown with a yellow-white pattern - good example dismembering coloring. The hind wings and abdomen are brick red with shiny black spots. An alarmed female bear immediately opens her “camouflage” on her front wings, showing black or blue eye-shaped spots on her red hind wings, and immediately shoots a toxin from the glands located in her abdomen at the enemy struck by her red underwear. The caterpillars, like most bears, feed on herbaceous plants, and also on honeysuckle, mountain ash, willow, and can eat raspberries and apple trees.

It is known that many butterflies (including bears) hear well. Between the chest and abdomen, bear butterflies have a tympanic organ that hears ultrasound in the range of 3-100 kHz. Thanks to this organ, the butterfly hears an ultrasonic cry bat who is tracking her. After this, he performs an anti-mouse maneuver, falls with a turn, sits down and waits until the danger has passed.

Ursa bears are famous as the most talkative family of butterflies. Indeed, many of them make a variety of sounds. At the same time, some bears have a perfect sound apparatus (like cicadas): the timbal plates, sharply returning to their place after the muscles change their curvature, emit a loud sound. The bear butterfly locates the bat and can communicate with other individuals of its species. Some female bears can emit sound using special “castanets,” which are dense chitinous plates on the edges of their hind wings. When the wings are brought together, the plates hit each other and click. Moreover, the chamber under the folded wings serves as a resonator, amplifying the sound.

Some female bears were not satisfied with passive sound defense (evading encounters with a bat), but themselves went on the offensive: Cycnia tenera produces ultrasonic clicks of considerable force (“ticks”), which prevent bats from finding their direction. Other bears are inedible for bats. And in order to reduce the number of mutually unpleasant conflicts, female bears, in response to the “hunting howl” of a bat, emit identification calls. ultrasonic signals, allowing you to distinguish them from other, edible butterflies - something like “I’m completely inedible, and you know it.” This signal is “read” by the bat as an indication that the object is inedible.

It is less known that butterfly caterpillars also hear and this is very beneficial for them. Many wasps, such as ammophila wasps, hunt butterfly caterpillars to feed their larvae. So, they track caterpillars by smell - they “sniff out” the caterpillar along the trail in the grass forest. And the caterpillar hears the wasp: it perceives its buzzing and hides - it freezes or falls from the blade of grass. True, she can hear it from a maximum of ten centimeters away, but sometimes this even saves the caterpillar’s ​​life - how come the winged huntress hasn’t yet seen the fat caterpillar’s ​​body, still wandering between the stems?

Ursa Family

I love this beauty, but try to find her during the day - she hides and flies at night. I see caterpillars often, it’s hard not to notice them - in the fall they crawl across the road for the winter, and in the spring, having already grown a lot, they hang on willows, aspens, sit in the grass - they are polyphagous, that is, they eat different types plants.

At the end of May I took the most big caterpillar from the willow tree and brought it home. I put the willow branches in a jar of water and covered the water with cotton so that the caterpillar would not drown. I put all this in a three-liter jar and covered it with a handkerchief with an elastic band. I wiped the jar from condensation to prevent mold.

The caterpillar gnawed on the leaves for two weeks, and I regularly brought it fresh ones. Then she wove a cocoon between the leaves, strengthening it with prickly hairs from her body. And then a couple of weeks later a butterfly was born. I photographed it and took it to the forest.

During the day these butterflies sleep. But if they are frightened, they show their lower bright wings and shoot a poisonous liquid from their abdomen. Kayas fly from July to August, and then young caterpillars appear and spend the winter.

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In May I found two such caterpillars near a dacha in the Naro-Fominsk region. I regret that I didn’t take one in for upbringing - now they are flying somewhere, but I can’t find them. These are secretive moths and are quite rare among us. It seems to me that there should be more of them further south.

The small caterpillar overwinters, then feeds and grows in the spring. The butterfly flies in June-July. The caterpillar is polyphagous - I saw one on meadow geraniums, the other on cereals.

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I often see these small (5 mm) bugs on flowers - they feed on pollen. Larvae are predators. In some species of little ones they prey on aphids, in others they live in rotten wood and eat bark beetle larvae. “Malacus” in Latin means soft, gentle. These beetles do not have such hard covers as others.

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Although the rider hatched from the pupa of the lady bear, I still met the butterfly at the end of June - it was sitting in the grass in the place where I took the caterpillar. She's just a little deformed right wing- Apparently, she was born like this. No one will eat it, because... many bears are poisonous.

Later I met two more she-bears of this species - on chamomile and yarrow.

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The lady's caterpillar feeds on buttercups, nettles, poplar, and rowan.

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Phymatopus hecta with sheath Psyche sp.

Slender moth heather, family Slender moths

Last year I didn’t see them anywhere, but now I see them all the time, and only males. Females are lighter.

Flies in June-July. The caterpillar lives on heather, bracken and knotweed.

Nearby you can see the case of a bagworm butterfly - the caterpillars construct cases from bark and blades of grass and carry them around. Male butterflies are usually gray and fluffy, while females are wingless.

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Ringed centipede, female (Nephrotoma crocata)

The males are smaller, slimmer and somewhat twitchy - jumping back and forth among the flowers. One even somehow got his feet entangled in an inflorescence, and I pulled him out of there. The thing at the end of the female’s body is the ovipositor.

Centipedes lay eggs in damp earth and in silt near the shores of reservoirs. They don't bite. The ringed centipede feeds on nectar.

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Beauty Girl (Calopteryx virgo)

Last year I photographed these dragonflies for a long time, and found only males. And this year, females also appeared - they sat next to the males at the edge of the forest. Sometimes they took off, caught midges, sat on leaves and chewed food. One male was so calm that he even sat on my hand!

The larvae of beauties develop for 2-3 years in shallow reservoirs.

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Meadow tick (Dermacentor reticulatus), family Ixodid ticks

This is the only animal I can't stand. It doesn’t have charming eyes, fluffy mustaches, and it doesn’t even itch – it silently does its dirty work!

Our ticks carry borreliosis (Lyme disease). If you remove the tick immediately, you will not get sick; if later, you need to take 200 mg of Doxycycline within 72 hours after the bite to prevent borreliosis. And don’t wait a day for the doctor to pull out the tick - pull it out yourself with a needle and that’s the end of it (it takes a particularly long time to pull out the proboscis).

The photo shows a characteristic hunting pose - with its legs spread out, the tick sniffs out prey. If anyone suddenly needs it, here I wrote in more detail about ticks -

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Linden corydalis (humpbacked capuchin - Ptilodon capucina), family Corydalis

This species has a cool caterpillar, but for some reason I can’t find it. I met a butterfly for the first time - it was sitting in the grass on a slope above a stream, and I had to balance on one leg so as not to fall into this stream. The butterfly is nocturnal, so it sleeps during the day, and you can safely photograph it. We have two generations of capuchins - at the beginning of summer and at the end of summer. The pupa overwinters.

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Pearl megarissa (Megarhyssa perlata), family Ichneumonidae (Ichneumonidae)

Ichneumon in Greek means bloodhound.

Megarissa pearl is listed in the Red Books of many regions. Rarely seen, there are few photographs of her on the Internet.

I once read in the magazine “In the World of Animals” a photo story by a macro photographer about pearl megarissa. I was amazed by its size and variegated color– the rest of our riders are plain, black or red. A lot of time has passed since then, and now I finally found Megarissa! Yes, not just one, but three at once.

At the beginning of July, I was walking out of the forest in the evening; it was almost eight. I saw a bunch of fallen birch trees, took a closer look, and there one megarissa was flying and buzzing, another was sitting and cleaning its tail, and the third was drilling into the tree with its ovipositor.

Riders smell the larvae of bark beetles and other insects directly through the bark. They drill into the bark with their ovipositor and lay an egg directly into the larva. The ichneumon ichneumon larva develops inside the host and eventually destroys it.
Some small species of ichneumon fly are bred en masse in scientific institutes to treat fields against pests.

The riders are not at all interested in the person and do not try to prick him - unless you grab them and squeeze them with your hand.

Megarissa specializes in horntails - these are hymenoptera, like sawflies, also vegetarians, the larvae live in diseased wood. Megarissa lays an egg exactly next to the horntail larva under the bark. The hatched megarissa larva rides on the horntail until it eats it. When the rider lays an egg, he puts an odorous mark so that another rider does not touch this victim - after all, it is already occupied.

The body length of Megarissa without the ovipositor is about 4.5 cm, and the ovipositor is longer than the body! In flight and in the sound of its wings, it resembles some kind of skinny dragonfly with a long thread trailing behind it.

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Speckled bear (Spilosoma lubricipeda), Ursa family

If you touch this fluffy butterfly, it falls over and pretends to be dead. Usually hides during the day and flies at night. In case of danger, it shows its yellow belly to enemies, warning of poisonousness. The caterpillars are fluffy, dark with a yellowish stripe, and are found on nettles, willow, geraniums and some other plants. Butterflies fly from May to July.

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Who would have thought that the laminated wing looked so funny in infancy!

And an adult is like this -

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Adult grasshoppers fly well, sometimes they even fly to our third floor.

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Epiphragma ocellare, family Limoniidae

The pattern on the wings impressed me - just like a mosquito!

Swamp mosquitoes are similar in appearance and lifestyle to long-legged mosquitoes. But they are usually smaller and have different wing venation. The larvae live in ponds or damp places, feed on dead organic matter, and some are predatory. Adults do not bite and hide in damp places.

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Enoplognatha ovata, family Theridiidae

These spiders are usually pale green-yellow, but sometimes you come across these elegant ones. The size of the female is 6 mm. At the same time, she easily catches insects twice her size.

They live in raspberry bushes or in the grass, where they build small nets in the form of hammocks. They are quite harmless to humans, although there is a black widow in the same family.

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At the cinema:

“The Amazing Spider-Man” - at first I was skeptical about the reboot of this project, but in the end I liked this film more than the old Spider-Man. A real adventure drama, where you sympathize with the main villain, and a couple of the main actors look nicer than Toby and Dunst. The only thing I didn’t like was the soundtrack - I don’t even remember what kind of music it was.

“Brave” is a beautiful, good, kind cartoon about the search for a golden mean in the relationships between generations. True, there are not enough adventures, and the soundtrack is weak.

"Magic Mike" - the film is billed as an incendiary comedy, but in fact it is a boring melodrama. However, the dance numbers are good, and Matthew McConaughey is surprisingly wonderful as the owner of the strip club.

Rock of Ages - I'm a fan of musicals and rock, so I'm excited! I wrote a review here, and there you can listen to how he sings... Tom Cruise -
http://borubo.ru/index.php/2012/06/rok-na-veka-adama-shenkmana/#more-1920

I read that Katie filed for divorce from Tom - they say that he is a despot and a tyrant, did not allow her to star in new films and wanted to send her daughter Suri to a Scientology school. I wonder if he tied her to a chair?

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In the Internet:

“Game of Thrones” - I’ve heard a lot about this series (2 seasons of 10 episodes each have been filmed so far), its rating on Kinopoisk is high. The film turned out to be really fascinating and extremely tough and frank - I do not recommend it for children under 16. This is something like the story of the War of the White and Scarlet Roses in a light fantasy treatment. Politics, intrigue, love, war. Actually, from fantasy there are only Shadows, Others and Dragons (occasionally). It's a pity for wolves and ravens - people treat them unfairly.

Sean Bean and his Eddard Strack are wonderful. It's a pity that in almost all films Sean Bean is killed. IN Lately Sean looks a little tired and shabby, they say he drinks too much. Eh, such a sexy man used to be. I would take an example from Tom Cruise - he looks 10 years younger and plays sports.
My favorite characters in Game of Thrones are Daenerys (the blonde), Lord Stark and his daughter Arya.

“Lollipop” - at one time this film was actively discussed, but I only watched it now. The film is provocative, controversial, with only two actors on the screen. But it's exciting and interesting. True, the ending is stupid, and in general it’s absurd - a Terminator girl. And the plot is this: a teenage girl decides to make fun of her pedophile uncle... There are also older films on the theme of victim and executioner, for example, “The Virgin and Death” by Polanski.

“The Girl and the Little Fox” - (France, 2007) - I recommend it to all nature lovers. Nowadays this is rarely filmed, and I’m afraid children are reluctant to watch such things. It's a pity, this is a worthwhile film, deep, dramatic. A bright, beautiful, kind movie that immersed me in Nice memories– as a child, I also ran through the forests. Only I didn’t get lost in the caves. It's great that the girl in the film understood important thing– if you love, do not strive to possess.

As for foxes, it is not difficult to tame cubs; some even keep them at home. But then you can’t return them to the forest - they will die. Adult foxes are difficult to tame, but some come to the dachas and take the chicken right from your hands.

Interestingly, at the Novosibirsk Institute of Cytology and Genetics you can buy truly domestic foxes - http://myfoxcub.ru/gallery.html
I saw a story about them. These foxes have been selected for years on the principle of “the kindest and most tame.” As a result, we got a pure line of absolutely domestic foxes - they never bite, they can be picked up, they are not dangerous for children, and they get along with dogs and cats.
By the way, domestic fox She becomes very attached to her owner, and if he wants to return her to the farm, it will be stressful.