What are consonants in Russian. How to distinguish a voiceless consonant from a voiced consonant

The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The phonetics of the modern Russian number defines 42 sounds. Sounds are vowels and consonants. Letters b ( soft sign) and ъ (hard sign) do not form sounds.

Vowel sounds

There are 10 vowels and 6 vowels in Russian.

• Vowels: a, i, e, e, o, u, s, e, u, i.
• Vowel sounds: [a], [o], [y], [e], [i], [s].

For memorization, vowels are often written in pairs according to a similar sound: a-z, o-e, ee, u-s, u-yu.

percussion and unstressed

The number of syllables in a word is equal to the number of vowels in a word: forest - 1 syllable, water - 2 syllables, road - 3 syllables, etc. A syllable that is pronounced with more intonation is stressed. The vowel forming such a syllable is stressed, the rest of the vowels in the word are unstressed. The position under stress is called a strong position, without stress - a weak position.

Iotated vowels

A significant place is occupied by iotized vowels - the letters e, e, u, i, which mean two sounds: e → [y '] [e], yo → [y '] [o], yu → [y '] [y], i → [y '] [a]. Vowels are iotated if:

1. stand at the beginning of the word (spruce, tree, spinning top, anchor),
2. stand after a vowel (what, sings, hare, cabin),
3. stand after b or b (stream, stream, stream, stream).

In other cases, the letters e, e, u, i mean one sound, but there is no one-to-one correspondence, since different positions in the word and various combinations with consonants of these letters give rise to different sounds.

Consonants

There are 21 consonants and 36 consonants in total. The discrepancy in number means that some letters may mean different sounds in different words- soft and hard sounds.

Consonants: b, c, d, e, g, s, d, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u.
Consonant sounds: [b], [b’], [c], [c’], [g], [g’], [d], [d’], [g], [h], [h’], [d’], [k], [k’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [p], [n’], [p], [r’], [s], [s’], [t], [t’], [f], [f’], [x], [x’], [c], [h’ ], [w], [w'].

The ‘ sign means a soft sound, that is, the letter is pronounced softly. The absence of a sign indicates that the sound is solid. So, [b] is hard, [b ’] is soft.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

There is a difference in how we pronounce consonants. Voiced consonants - are formed in a combination of voice and noise, deaf consonants - are formed due to noise (the vocal cords do not vibrate). There are 20 voiced consonants and 16 voiceless consonants.

According to pairing-unpairness, voiced and deaf consonants are divided into:
b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, w-w, s-s- paired by sonority-deafness.
d, l, m, n, p - always voiced (unpaired).
x, c, h, u - always deaf (unpaired).

Unpaired voiced consonants are called sonorants.

Among the consonants, according to the level of "noisiness", there are also groups:
f, w, h, u - hissing.
b, c, d, e, g, h, k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u- noisy.

Hard and soft consonants

In the primary grades, the basis of a person's spelling literacy is formed.

Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. Often this is associated with paired consonants.

What is a double consonant?

All consonants are with each other in one or another opposition according to their characteristics. One of them is the opposition of sounds by deafness-voicedness.

Some consonants, with the coincidence of all other features, such as the place of formation and the method of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the process of sounding. They are called couples. The remaining consonants do not have a pair of deafness-voicedness: l, m, x, c, h, u, d.

Here are paired consonants. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling "Checked consonants at the root of the word."

Spelling rule for paired consonants

In the process of pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchanged. But this process is not reflected in the letter. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. So in the Russian language the principle of uniformity of morphemes is realized. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.

The rule may be stated in the following paragraphs:

• the root of the word is always written the same way, since semantics depends on it;
• spelling must be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
• it is necessary to choose as a test one that, after a dubious consonant, has either a vowel sound or a sonorant sound (p, l, m, n, d).

This can be seen in the examples from the table: spelling consonants are either at the end of words, or before other paired sounds. In test words, they are in front of vowels or in front of unpaired phonemes.

Application of the rule

The spelling of paired consonants needs to be worked out. You need to start with the formation of the ability to see the studied spelling. This will be the end of a word or a confluence of consonants, at which sounds begin to influence the sound of each other - the next one changes the quality of the pronunciation of the previous one.

When we know what a paired consonant is, it will not be difficult to conclude which option to choose:

• bo [p] - beans - bean;
• bro [t] - ford - ford;
• bro [f "] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
• nail [t "] - nails - nail;
• garden [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
• dro [sh] - trembling - trembling;
• polo [s] ka - strip - strip;
• ko [z "] ba - mow - mowing;
• re [z "] ba - cut - carving;
• city ​​[d "] ba - fence - city;
• cro [in "] - blood - blood;
• stra [w] - guard - guard.

Paired consonants. Word Discrimination Examples

Deafness and sonority are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:

• (soup) dense - (above the river) bush;
• (telegraph) pole - (Alexandrian) pillar;
• bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
• (unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
• (bouquet) of roses - (boy) grew up;
• (new) house - (thick) vol.

In weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of “roses” and “rose”, a check is required to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require an attentive attitude.

Test on the topic studied

grass[..]ka, rye[..]ka, zu[..]ki, arbu[..], lo[..]ka, short[..]ka, ko[..]ti.

Fabulous - a fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping

6. W or W?

Sapo ... ki, doro ... ki, boom ... ki, kro ... ki, ro ... ki, poro ..ki, bara ... ki, lo ... ki, game ... ki, cha ... ki, lie down ... ki.

• gu ... ki (__________);
• flasks (__________);
• gri… (__________);
• ch… (__________);
• jump ... ki (____________);
• lo ... ka (____________);
• horse ... b (______________);
• zu .. (_______).

Sha (p / b) ka, provo (d / t), kru (g / c), povya (s / s) ka, me (d / t), su (d / t), sla (d / t) cue, oshi (b / n) ka, doba (v / f) ka, uka (s / s) ka.

9. Insert letters in text:

Lebe ... b - the king of all waterfowl. He, like a dream ..., is white, graceful, he has shiny eyes ... ki, black lac ... ki and a long, booming neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Fix bugs:

• I love reading fairy tales.
• How fragrant strawberries!
• Carrots are sown on the beds.
• Gimp birch flutters petals in the wind.
• The tray floated on the lake.
• Berek is gradually approaching.
• Storosh does not sleep.
• A mongrel barks loudly in the yard.
• Yosh rustles in the bushes.

Answers

1. What is a double consonant? A consonant that has a pair of deafness or sonority.

2. Complete the sentence:

To check paired consonants, you need pick up a test word.

3. Highlight the words that need to be checked:

dip..ka, underwater .. ny, cue, dressed up .. ny, horse..ka, careful..ny, cook..it, du..ki, l oh...ki, other..ny.

4. Write sounds in square brackets:

grass [V] ka, lo [D] ka, zu [B] ki, arbu [Z], lo [D] ka, short [B] ka, ko [G] ti.

5. Underline the test word:

Fabulous - a fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping

6. W or W?

Boots, tracks, pieces of paper, crumbs, horns, powders, lambs, spoons, toys, cups, frogs.

7. Write down the test words and insert letters instead of dots:

• beeps (beep);
• checkboxes (checkbox);
• mushroom (mushrooms);
• eye (eyes);
• jumping (jump);
• boat (boat);
• horse (horses);
• tooth teeth).

8. Choose the correct option:

hat, wire, circle, bandage, honey, court, sweet, mistake, additive, pointer.

9. Insert letters in text:

The swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is like snow, white, graceful, he has sparkling eyes, black paws and a long, flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Fix bugs:

• I love reading fairy tales.
• How fragrant strawberries are!
• Carrots are sown on the beds.
• A flexible birch flutters its petals in the wind.
• The boat was sailing on the lake.
• The coast is gradually approaching.
• The watchman does not sleep.
• A mongrel yapps loudly in the yard.
• Hedgehog rustles in the bushes.

1. Consider pictures. Say the names of the objects. Listen for the consonant sounds in these words.

• When pronouncing which consonants only noise is heard? And when pronouncing which consonants, both the voice and the noise are heard?
• Write the words. Underline the letters that represent consonant sounds.

2. Name the letters.

• Pronounce consonant sounds, which can be indicated by the letters of the bottom row. What do you hear when you make these sounds: noise? voice and noise? Of course the noise! This deaf consonant sounds.
• Pronounce consonant sounds, which can be indicated by the letters of the upper row. What do you hear: noise? voice? voice and noise? Of course, voice and noise! This voiced consonant sounds.

Pay attention! When pronouncing deaf consonants, only noise is heard. voiced consonants are pronounced with the participation of the voice, they are more sonorous than deaf.

3. Consider pictures.

• Name the items. Listen to the pronunciation of the consonants in these words. In which words do you hear only voiced consonants, in which only voiceless consonants, and in which words do you hear both voiced and voiceless consonants?
• Say the consonants in order in any word and determine whether they are voiceless or voiced, hard or soft.

4. Read.

• What are the sounds of each pair of words? Say these sounds.

Page for the curious

Voiceless and voiced consonants

Some voiceless and voiced consonants are paired. Why?

Conduct an experiment: pronounce the sound [g] louder and louder. What is it: voiced or deaf? That's right, the sound [g] is a voiced consonant sound.

And now pronounce the sound [g] quieter and quieter, almost in a whisper. Do you feel that the voice has disappeared, the noise remains? And you already pronounce the deaf consonant sound [w].

Such consonants are called paired for deafness-voicedness sounds.

5. Say first hard paired consonant sounds in deafness-voicedness, then soft paired consonant sounds.

• Explain why there are six pairs of sounds in the first column, and only five in the second.
• Find words that contain these sounds.

Pay attention! The rest of the consonants are called unpaired in deafness-voicedness.
Unpaired voiced consonants: [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n]. [n "], [p], [p"], [th"].
Unpaired deaf consonants: [x], [x "], [c], [h "], [u"].

6. Read.

forget-me-not reveals
blue eye,
And the dewdrop sparkles in it,
Like a diamond.
(G. Boyko)

• Find words in the lines that answer the question what? and end with a letter denoting a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness. Make this sound. What letter is it in words?

7. Consider the endpapers of the textbook "Wonder Town of Sounds" and "Wonder Town of Letters".

• Find fabulous houses there, where paired and unpaired consonant sounds and letters denoting these sounds “live”.
• Let one of you pronounce a voiceless or voiced consonant sound, and the other name a word that begins with this sound.

Sound is the smallest unit of language, pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, human hearing perceives all the sounds that it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are unique to his native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.

33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters should be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load join together to form words.

36 consonants: [b], [h], [c], [d], [g], [g], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p], [t], [s], [u], [f], [c], [w], [x], [h], [b "], [h"], [c"], [d"], [d"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [n"], [r"], [f" ], [g "], [x"].

The consonants are divided into:

• soft and hard;

voiced and deaf;

paired and unpaired.

Soft and hard consonants

The phonetics of the Russian language has a significant difference from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.

At the moment of pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed against the palate more strongly than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant from each other. In order to determine in a letter whether a consonant is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after a particular consonant.

Consonants are classified as solid in such cases:

• if letters a, o, u, uh, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
• after them there is another consonant sound - [pile], [hail], [marriage];
• if the sound is at the end of the word - [gloom], [friend], [table].

The softness of the sound is written as an apostrophe: mol - [mol '], chalk - [m'el], gate - [kal'itka], fir - [p'ir].

It should be noted that the sounds [u ’], [d ’], [h ’] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [w], [c], [g].

The consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by "b" and vowels: i, e, u, i, e. For example: gene - [g "en], flax - [l" he], disk - [d" sk], hatch - [l "uk], elm - [v "yaz], trill - [tr" el "].

Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds

According to the voicedness, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [c], [h], [g], [b], [g], [d], [m], [d], [l], [p], [n].

Examples: [boron], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [head], [catch], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].

Examples: [count], [floor], [volume], [dream], [noise], [u "uk], [choir], [king"], [ch "an].

Paired voiced and deaf consonants include: [b] - [n], [g] - [w], [g] - [x], [h] - [s]. [d] - [t], [c] - [f]. Examples: true story - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itching - court, live - sew.

Sounds that do not form a pair: [h], [n], [c], [x], [p], [m], [l].

Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p "], [p] - [p"], [m] - [m"], [c] - [c"], [d] - [d"], [f] - [f"], [k] - [k"], [h] - [h "], [b] - [b "], [g] - [g "], [n] - [n"], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l"], [t] - [t "], [x] - [x"]. Examples: true story - white, height - branch, city - cheetah, cottage - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - feather, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.

Table for memorizing consonants

To visually see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.

Another table will help memorize consonant sounds.

Children's poems for better mastering of the material

The letters are exactly 33 in the Russian alphabet,

To find out how many consonants -

Subtract ten vowels

Signs - hard, soft -

It will immediately become clear:

It turns out the number is exactly twenty-one.

Soft and hard consonants are very different,

But not dangerous at all.

If we pronounce with noise, then they are deaf.

Consonant sounds proudly say:

They sound different.

Hard and soft

Actually very light.

One simple rule to remember forever:

W, C, F - always solid,

But H, W, Y - only soft,

Like cat paws.

Let's soften the others like this:

If we add a soft sign,

Then we get spruce, moth, salt,

What a clever sign!

And if we add the vowels I, I, E, E, Yu,

We get a soft consonant.

Signs-brothers, soft, hard,

We don't pronounce

But to change the word

Let's ask for their help.

The rider is riding a horse

Kon - use in the game.

What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?

Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.

The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.

Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.

Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [h] — [s], [f] — [sh].

To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.

Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».

Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:

B,IN,G,D,AND,W,Y,TO,L,M,H,P,R,WITH,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.

In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.

Consonants are also hard and soft.

Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.

Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:

The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:

Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)

Note: V primary school hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants - in green, vowels are in red.

Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels A , ABOUT , At , S , E .

Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).

Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], corner[corner] - coal[ugal❜].

Unpaired ringing sounds[d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.

Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.

Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.

The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.

Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.

In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].

Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with