Nunavut Canada. Nunavut: information about the Canadian territory. Nunavut Province Programs

Ellesmere Island is located in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and is the northernmost Canadian island in the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Fjords divide the island into separate parts: Grant, Grinnell, Sverdrup, Ellesmere. Almost one third of the island's territory is covered by a glacier. The island's highest point is Barbeau Peak, which is also the highest point in Nunavut.

The relief of the island is represented by snow fields and bare rocks. The polar night in Ellesmere lasts 5 months. Winters on the island are unusually cold, and in summer the temperature does not rise above 7 degrees. Every year, about 60 millimeters of precipitation falls on the island, the main part of which is rain, snow and condensation moisture. Due to the lack of moisture, the island's snow cover is very thin.

The fauna of Ellesmere is diverse. On the island you can meet polar hare, musk ox, Piri caribou deer. It is worth noting that, like other Canadian islands, the Melvian island wolf lives in Ellesmere, as well as snowy owl and arctic tern. Vegetable world represented by plants Arctic deserts and tundra.

Cape Murchison

Murchison is a cape on the Boothia Peninsula, the northernmost point of the mainland of Canada and the mainland of North America, it is also one of the extreme points of the Earth. The distance from it to North Pole is only 64 kilometers.

Cape Murchison is part of the Kitikmeot region. The peninsula was first explored by Joseph Rene Murchison, after whom the strait was later named. A combination of circumstances, namely the search for traces of John Franklin lost in the Arctic, prompted a French explorer to this area in 1852.

At Cape Murchison opens beautiful view to the Stewart Mountains, all of it is crystal clear water, frosty air and virgin nature. And, of course, waterfalls and endless forests that are worth seeing.

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Nelson River

Residents of the Canadian province of Manitoba have the opportunity to observe famous river Nelson, the mouth of which is the Arctic Ocean. The Nelson River flows along the Canadian Shield and is located among the Playgreen, Cross, Silivesk, and Split lakes. The southern part of the river basin is in the United States. A characteristic feature of Nelson is its difficult-to-navigate lake-river path that stretches to the Canadian Rockies.

The history of the river begins in 1612, when Sir Thomas Button spent the night at the mouth of the river during the expedition. The river was named after a navigator who died in the winter. The river plays the role of an energy source - there are 13 hydroelectric power stations on it. The Kelsey HPP provides electricity to Thompson Nickel, located on a tributary of the Burntwood. If you go downstream, you will find the Kettle hydroelectric power plant. To increase electricity generation, the Nelson River is connected by a canal to the Churchill River.

1090 Rowley Island square kilometers located in the Arctic Ocean. It has an elongated shape 70 kilometers long and 7 to 20 kilometers wide. To the northeast of the island is Baffin Island, to the south is Koh Island, and to the west is Bray Island. The purpose of the deserted Rowley Island in the Arctic Ocean is great.

Rowley Island is home to a warning system from the American Aerospace Defense Command and a meteorological station that monitors ocean weather due to its smooth terrain, from about 219 kilometers of sandy shores to a narrow, flat plateau. Therefore, Rowley Island can be safely called the island of observation of oceanic objects.

Ellis River

Ellis is the northern river of the province of Nunavut, the source of which begins in the Nameless Lake. The length of the river is 287 kilometers, passing through the Arctic Circle, Ellis ends its course in the Queen Maud Bay of the Arctic Ocean.

The total catchment of Ellis, which is 16,900 square kilometers, is home to many river dwellers. Among the most common species are salmon families, in particular, arctic char.

The fauna of the Ellis Coast is also diverse. Musk oxen, deer, wolves have already firmly established themselves in the local forests, and the nearby river reservoir has become a refuge for waterfowl. Everyone can watch entire families of black geese.

Winnipeg River

The Winnipeg River, whose name translates as "dark river", has a second paradoxical name "white and fluffy water". She received such an unspoken name, firstly, due to the fact that for a long time it had many white portages, and secondly, because furs and fur products were actively transported along it in the 18th century to the neighboring cities of Panawa, Great Falls and Pine Falls.

The total length of the river is 320 kilometers, and the source of Winnipeg begins in Forest Lake and ends its journey in Lake Winnipeg of the same name. Three hundred years ago, local Indians began to competently use the opportunity of the river for transport purposes; at present, 7 hydroelectric power stations have been installed on the Winnipeg River.

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Province of Nunavut is the largest and newest territory in Canada. capital and most Big City Iqaluit, population 7,000. Iqaluit is the only Canadian capital that can only be reached by air.

Nunavut is located in arctic and subarctic climatic zones, which are characterized by cold temperature both winter and summer. average temperature in winter - 30 degrees and in summer - 10. Rospersonal does not yet have program participants in these parts, but several immigrants are now on registration, motivated by high Nunavut earnings, and soon we will hear their feedback on the quality of life in places where the temperature in summer is considered to be minus 10.

34,000 people live in Nunavut on an area that can be compared in size with the territory Western Europe. Inuktitut is considered the main language, including the Inuinnaqtun dialect of the West, they are spoken by almost a third of the indigenous population. 25 000 local residents speak English and about 13,000 people speak it at home. French is less widely spoken, with about 1,000 people speaking it. That is, there are three official languages ​​in Nunavut: Inuit language, English and French.

Nunavut Province Programs:

Financial situation of Nunavut largely dependent on subsidies from the Canadian government. Over the past 5 years, Nunavut has received $500 million, which is 90% of the entire province's budget. The Government of Canada has identified the main industries and the main goals for the development of the economy in the future. These are the mining industry, tourism, fishing, and the production of handicrafts. The bowels of Nunavut are rich in natural resources, there are gems diamonds, natural gas and oil, uranium, copper, iron, zinc, gold.

Since 2006, Nunavut Animation Lab has been established to train animation centers in Iqaluit, Cape Dorset and Pangnirtung. Animated films from these centers win prizes at the Media Arts Festival.

chief training center is Nunavut Arctic College. The Inuit Broadcasting Corporation provides radio and television broadcasts. Internet is supplied by two providers Qiniq and Northwestel.

Beginning of Canadian Territory, Nunavut

Admiralty Channel, Nunavut

Baffin Sea

baffin land

Christmas morning in Igloolik

Separated from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999 after the adoption of the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, although the existing borders were established back in 1993. The creation of the territory of Nunavut is the result of the first change to the map of Canada since the incorporation of the former Dominion of Newfoundland in 1949 .

Story

The territory of Nunavut was inhabited by people 4000 years ago. Representatives of the Dorset culture came to Alaska from Siberia, and then settled vast territories in the west as far as Greenland and Labrador.

The first Eskimos appeared in the south of the Bering Sea and the north Pacific Ocean 3000 and 2000 years ago. 1000 years ago, some Eskimos settled in Arctic Canada. The Eskimos displaced the Dorset culture and established the first Eskimo settlements in Nunavut. With them they brought kayaks, harpoons, umiaks, and horses well adapted to the harsh climate.

Most historians believe that the name Helluland, which can be found in the Norse sagas, is Baffin Island, so it is possible that the locals had contact with the Normans in the past.

The written history of Nunavut began in 1576. Martin Frobisher, who was at the head of an expedition looking for the Northwest Passage, thought he had found gold ore in Frobisher Bay on Baffin Island. The ore turned out to be worthless, but it was Martin Frobisher who wrote in his diary about the first contact with the Eskimos. The contact was hostile, and Frobisher himself captured four Eskimos, whom he brought to England, where they soon died.

Flora

The vegetation is very sparse: rare berry shrubs, lichens, polar willow, mosses.

Fauna

More than 30 species of mammals live on the territory of Nunavut: musk ox, elk, caribou, wolves, foxes, Canadian lynx, polar bear, grizzly bear, American brown bear, wolverine, ermine, otter, ilka, polar hare, american hare, Canadian beaver , muskrat , various types of lemmings , bats , etc. Due to the cold climate , reptiles are not represented in Nunavut . Almost all animal species living in Nunavut have a commercial or economic importance for traditional Eskimo life.

The aviafauna includes more than 100 species of birds. Of these, only the common raven, snowy owl, and grouse inhabit Nunavut year-round; all the rest are migratory birds that breed in Nunavut but winter in other regions. Birds can be found throughout Nunavut, but not all species are equally distributed. Thus, the horned lark lives throughout Nunavut with the exception of Ellesmere Island, passerines are not usually found on the islands, and plovers are present only on east coast Ellesmere Island and Baffin Island. Sometimes in Nunavut you can meet individual representatives of species of migratory birds that are not typical for this area, such as barn swallow or blue jay.

Population

In 2006, the population of Nunavut was approximately 30,782 people, 85% of which are indigenous people, mostly Inuit. The main language is (including the western dialect - Inuinnaqtun), English is also widely spoken.

Localities in Nunavut

Administrative divisions of Nunavut

Nunavut is divided into 3 districts:

• Kikiktaaluk District (Kikiktani, formerly Baffin District)
• Kivallik District (formerly Kivatin District)
• Kitikmeot District

Their current status is not entirely certain: they were census districts in the 2001 census, but whether they now have administrative status is not entirely clear.

The boundaries of these areas do not exactly correspond to the boundaries of the specified areas of the Northwest Territories before the separation. In particular, the dividing line between the two territories did not exactly follow the borders of the districts, although most of the three former districts of the Northwest Territories make up Nunavut as a whole.

Baffin District, formerly part of the Northwest Territories, was given entirely to Nunavut. The former Kitikmeot area is almost entirely part of Nunavut, with the exception of two southwestern sections and a northwestern section of Victoria Island. Likewise, the Kivatin region is almost entirely part of Nunavut, except for the southwestern rectangular landmass. The districts of Fort Smith and Inuvik remained administrative divisions of the Northwest Territories, with the exception of a small section of the district of Fort Smith, which became part of Nunavut.

The aforementioned regional division also differs from the Northwest Territories district system, which existed since 1876 and was abolished as a result of the creation of Nunavut.

Symbolism

Symbolism of the flag

Blue and golden colors symbolize the wealth of the earth, sea and sky. Red - belonging to Canada. Inuksuk symbolizes stone monuments that show people the way to land. The star is the Pole Star, the traditional signpost in navigation. She is also a symbol of the leadership role of elders in the community.

Symbolism of the coat of arms

The predominant colors, blue and gold, symbolize the wealth of land, sea and sky. The shield is based on inuksuk, symbolizing stone monuments that show people the way to land. Kullik, an Eskimo stone lamp, symbolizes the light and warmth of family and community. The concave arch of five gold circles indicates the life-giving properties of the sun, which forms an arch below and above the horizon. The star is the North Star, the traditional signpost in navigation. The decoration at the top of the coat of arms is an igloo, depicting the traditional life of the Eskimos and the means of survival. The crown symbolizes the public government in front of all residents of Nunavut and establishes Nunavut's membership in the Confederation. Caribou and narwhal indicate land and sea animals that are natural heritage Nunavut. The basis under the shield is the land, the sea and the image of three types of arctic flowering plants.

Economy

The provincial government has adopted the "Nunavut Economic Development Strategy", which is the basis for the development of the economy for several years ahead and sets out the main goals and directions of economic development, including a specific strategy in key sectors such as mining, fishing and tourism. This strategy is based on a document adopted by the Government of Canada, which makes the main goal of the country's economic development a high standard of living for the population.

The economy of Nunavut is based on the traditional industries of the Inuit, who make up the majority of the province's population. This sector of the economy generates an annual profit of $40 million. By supporting the traditional spheres of production, the province sets itself the goal of developing those sectors of the economy that are currently rapidly changing it. Study mineral resources Nunavut provides new jobs for the province's indigenous people and Canadians. Throughout Nunavut, research is underway to find deposits of gold, diamonds, polymetallic deposits. The diamond mine in Kitikmeot is expected to start operating in 2006. The province's oil and natural gas reserves will provide the world's population with safe fuel in the future, thus instilling confidence in the strengthening of the economic potential of Nunavut.

Main deposits:

1. "Lupin" - 1982-present (gold, now closed)
2. "Polaris" - 1982-2002 (lead, zinc)
3. "Nanisivik Mine" - 1976-2002 (lead, zinc)
4. "Rankin-Inlet Mine" - 1957-1962 (nickel, copper)

The fishing industry is rapidly developing and is the backbone of the economy in the Baffin region with the settlements of Kivallik and Kitikmeot.

Difficulties in the development of these sectors of the economy are the high cost of transportation, lack of maritime infrastructure, extreme climate and remoteness of resources.

Control system

Houses of Parliament

The creation of Nunavut not only changed the map of Canada, but also contributed to the evolution of the concept of government in the country.

General Principles of the Government of Nunavut

The government of Nunavut is characterized by two principles:

1. it is a public government, not an ethnic one;
2. it is a territorial government, not a provincial one.

public government

Although the Inuit representatives who participated in the negotiations advocated the establishment of a government based on ethnic principles as the best guarantee for the protection of the interests of the Eskimos and their way of life, they understood that this form of government was unacceptable to the Government of Canada. Therefore, Nunavut has established a public government that respects Canadian political traditions and institutions and remains within the boundaries of the federation. All inhabitants of the territory, regardless of ethnic group, have equal rights of representation and may be in power. In addition, the rights and obligations of all Nunavut residents are defined by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

However, the government of Nunavut has some elements of an ethnic government. In accordance with the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, the Eskimos received proportional representation in the public service and territorial administration. Therefore, the Eskimos have a decisive voice in many matters.

Territorial government

Nunavut is a territory, not a province. The provinces have certain jurisdictional areas (such as health and education) and were created by the Constitutional Acts -1982. Unlike the province, the territory was created on the basis of federal law. Therefore, the federal government has the right to interfere in the affairs of the territory. In addition, the provincial government takes part in amending the Canadian Constitution, which the territorial government cannot. However, Nunavut has more control over its own affairs than any other territory in Canada. Under the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, Nunavut has expanded rights in some areas that are usually under the jurisdiction of the federal government (for example, in the field of environmental protection and wildlife).

Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut consists of 19 members elected for a 4-year term by popular vote. The Speaker oversees the actions of the Legislative Assembly. The Prime Minister and the Executive Cabinet head the government. There are no political parties at the territorial level in Nunavut. Instead, legislative decisions are made by consensus of a majority of members. All members of the Legislative Assembly elect the Speaker, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers by secret ballot. All members of the Legislative Assembly who have not received a ministerial portfolio are in official opposition.

Decentralization

The government of Nunavut is highly decentralized. Approximately 700 seats in the central government are distributed among several localities of the territory. The center of the administrative apparatus is Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut. It houses The Department of Executive and Intergovernmental Affairs, The Department of Finance and Administration, The Department of Human Resources, The Department of Justice. The remaining departments, councils, commissions, corporations and agencies are located in the following localities.

The penetration of Europeans into these lands was associated with the search for the Northwest Passage through the North. The first European navigator in Nunavut was the Englishman Sir Martin Frobisher (1535/1539-1594), who made three expeditions to North America. It was his pen that the first written mention of the territories of modern Nunavut belongs to: the records are dated 1576. Frobisher was the first European to meet the Inuit. The experience with the natives was negative, but Frobisher did not return home empty-handed: he and his team managed to capture four Inuit. In the area of ​​the bay, later named after Frobisher, the navigator also discovered a gold deposit, which, as it turned out, was of no value.
In 1670, Great Britain claimed Prince Rupert's Land as its own: at that time, this name was given to the territories in the basin, including the mainland of modern Nunavut. These lands were administered by the Hudson's Bay Company founded that same year.
The interests of Great Britain, represented by the Hudson's Bay Company in the region, were reduced to whaling and the fur trade. English trade representatives began to pay attention to establishing contacts with the natives for cooperation and ensuring the safety of production. The Inuit became in fact hired workers, who received everything necessary for life for their hunting work.
Thanks to the activities of the Hudson's Bay Company, a power structure began to form in the region, which formed the basis for the structure of local government agencies in Canada and the United States.
In 1867, the Canadian Confederation was formed, after which negotiations began with the Hudson's Bay Company to buy out part of the land owned by the corporation. Two years later, the parties managed to reach an agreement: in 1869, the Hudson's Bay Company agreed to cede Prince Rupert's Land and the monopoly right to trade in the Northwest Territories to Canada for 300,000 pounds. However, until 1930, the Company continued to operate in the Canadian territories and continued to play an important role in maintaining relations between the Canadian authorities and the indigenous people of the territories.
Although, under the treaty, not only the former lands of the Hudson's Bay Company were transferred to Canada, but also the nearest open islands, until the 1930s. these islands were claimed by the discoverer countries. Disputes were resolved after the Arctic was divided into sectors and applicants - primarily the United States and Norway - received their zones of influence, and the Canadian Arctic archipelago remained entirely with Canada.
The territory of Nunavut occupies the northwestern mainland lands of Canada, characterized by swampiness, part of the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, all the islands in Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay. The Arctic Cordillera runs along the northeast of Nunavut's island territories.
Nunavut was carved out of the Northwest Territories to unite the Inuit and save their unique culture.
A long-term path led to the separation of Nunavut from the Northwest Territories, which began in 1971. Then the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, an organization that united the Inuit of Canada, was founded. On her initiative, a study was conducted, as a result of which a proposal was put forward to create a separate region within Canada, in which the Inuit could settle and return to traditions.
The conservation situation cultural heritage Inuit especially escalated in the 1930s. During this period, the fur trade, which had always fed the Inuit, virtually ceased. The indigenous people of Nunavut were forced to move to large settlements, and subsequently to new weather stations and military camps where they could earn money. The Inuit began to move away from the traditional way of life, most of them were converted to the Christian faith. Many were forcibly displaced.
Negotiations on a possible separation of Nunavut from the Northwest Territories began five years later, in 1976. The corresponding agreement was prepared by 1992, and in 1999 the territory of Nunavut was separated into a separate administrative unit of Canada.

Population

Inuit now make up the majority of Nunavut's population and are growing in number. Nevertheless, the region remains the most sparsely populated in Canada at the most large area among Canadian regions.
This is not surprising. The territory of Nunavut has a very harsh climate, there is a rather small network of roads, because of this, transport links with other regions of Canada are very complicated. Road freight transportation in such conditions is a very expensive pleasure, which greatly hinders the development of the economy in Nunavut and leads to higher prices at relatively low incomes of the population. The inhabitants of the territory are involved in the mining industry, they are engaged in traditional crafts, fishing, and the tourism industry is also supported in the region. However, this is still not enough to maintain a full-fledged life of the territory, and the Inuit are largely forced to rely on government subsidies.
Despite many years of forced oblivion, Inuit culture is resurgent. Both in Nunavut and in other regions of Canada, themed festivals are held. For most Nunavut residents, Inuktitut and its western dialect, Inuinnaqtun, are native languages, although state languages- English and French are also very well spoken here.
But the desire of the Inuit to live apart remained unfulfilled. Young Inuit, born in Nunavut and initially living in the spirit of tradition, seek education and Good work, which is possible only on the "mainland", inevitably accept the norms of a culture alien to them and assimilate with the descendants of Europeans. Those who do not manage to get settled often commit suicide or seek salvation in alcohol. Thus, the issue of preserving self-identity and survival remains quite difficult for the Inuit, despite the conditions created for them.

general information

Date of formation: April 1, 1999
Administrative center: Iqaluit (6699 people - 2011).

Languages: English, French, Eskimo Inuktitut.
Ethnic composition: predominantly indigenous Inuit population.

Religions: Anglicanism and Catholicism, Pentecostalism.

Currency unit: Canadian dollar.

Numbers

Population: 36,687 (2014).
Population density: 0.02 people / km 2.
highest point: Barbeau Peak (2616 m).

Climate and weather

Natural: Sylvia Grinnell Reserve, natural Park on the Soper River, Yukkusayksalik National Park

Curious facts

Within Nunavut, the cost of living is 65% higher than in other Canadian regions.

The formation of the Nunavut Territory in 1999 was the first territorial change in Canada since 1948, when the former British dominion of Newfoundland was annexed to the country.

According to archaeological data, in ancient times the ancestors of the Inuit maintained trade relations with the Vikings. It is assumed that the Thule were in contact with the Vikings in the 11th century.

For the first time, Roald Amundsen succeeded in completely passing the Northwest Passage between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in 1903-1906.

In 1996, the Canadian authorities paid compensation to Inuit who suffered as a result of forced displacement from their native lands, as well as to their descendants. The total amount of payments was 10 million Canadian dollars.

GRP per capita

Nunavut(English Nunavut [ˈnuːnəvʊt] , Inuktitut ᓄᓇᕗᑦ / nunavut [ˈnunavut] - "our land") - the largest and newest territory in the composition. Nunavut was formed on April 1, 1999 as a result of separation from, although the existing borders were established back in 1993. The main documents are the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Division Agreement.

Nunavut is the least populated of Canada's provinces and territories. With a very small population of the territory of 33,679 people, its area is comparable to, in which more than 250 million people live.

The population of Nunavut is growing steadily. As of October 1, 2018, the population of Nunavut is 38,650.

However, the population density of Nunavut - 0.015 people per square kilometer, is the smallest in the world. If Nunavut was sovereign state, then it would be the least densely populated state in the world. For example, Greenland, which is located to the east, has about the same area, but almost twice the population.

In a number of ways, the population of Nunavut differs significantly from that of the rest of Canada. In particular, the male population prevails in the territory (15,105 men and 14,365 women), while there are more women in the country as a whole. In addition, the average age of residents differs significantly: 23.1 years in Nunavut versus 39.5 in Canada. Unlike the rest of Canada, there are almost no immigrants in Nunavut: only 150 people do not have Canadian citizenship.

Catholic Church in Pond Inlet.

The main language of the territory is Inuktitut, including its western dialect, Inuinnaqtun, and is spoken by about three-quarters of the population. Only 8 thousand inhabitants named one of the official languages ​​of the country (English or French) as their native language. At the same time, English is very widely spoken - it is spoken by more than 25 thousand inhabitants, and about 13 thousand use it at home. The French language is much less widespread - in general, a little more than a thousand people know it throughout the territory. Currently, the legislature and the government of Nunavut use English and French. Transfer to others official languages territory is carried out by a special bureau under the Ministry of Culture, Language, Senior Citizens and Youth, but is not an official document. At the same time, the government of Nunavut is going to completely switch to Inuktitut by 2020.

The religious composition of the territory can be determined from the 2001 census, which had relevant questions. The vast majority of the population (93.2%) are Christians, while 57.9% belong to the Anglican Church of Canada, and 23.3% belong to the Roman Catholic Church.

Cities

Policy

The creation of Nunavut is the first map change since the incorporation of the former Dominion of Newfoundland in 1949. However, it not only changed the map of Canada, but also contributed to the evolution of the concept of government in the country.

Legislative building

Nunavut is a territory, not a province of Canada, which is reflected in its political system. Unlike the provinces of Canada, the territory is created by federal law, so the federal government has the right to intervene in the affairs of the territory. However, Nunavut has more control over its own affairs than any other territory in Canada. Under the land-sharing agreement, Nunavut has expanded rights in some areas that are usually under the jurisdiction of the federal government (for example, in the field of environmental protection and wildlife). The federal government in Nunavut is represented by a territorial commissioner. The functions of the Nunavut Commissioner are similar to those of provincial lieutenant governors and are representative rather than directive. All inhabitants of the territory, regardless of ethnic group, have equal rights of their representation and may be in power; their rights and obligations are defined by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Executive power is in the hands of the Government of Nunavut, while legislative power is vested in the Territorial Legislature and judicial power is vested in the Court of Nunavut.

The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut consists of 19 members elected for 4-year terms by popular vote. There are no political parties at the territorial level in Nunavut. Instead, legislative decisions are made by consensus of a majority of members. All members of the Legislative Assembly elect the Speaker, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers by secret ballot. The speaker oversees the actions of the legislature. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers lead the government. All members of the legislature who have not received ministerial portfolios are in official opposition.

The government of Nunavut is public despite the fact that Inuit representatives advocated the establishment of an ethnic government as the best guarantee to protect the interests of the Inuit and their way of life. However, the government of Nunavut has some elements of an ethnic government - in particular, the Inuit have received proportional representation in the public service and territorial administration. In addition, the Inuit participate in governance through Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit.

Bilingual road sign in Iqaluit

The government of Nunavut is highly decentralized. Approximately 700 seats in the central government are distributed among several localities of the territory. The center of the administrative apparatus is the capital of Nunavut. This is where the Ministry of Intergovernmental Cooperation is located. Department of Executive and Intergovernmental Affairs), Ministry of Finance (eng. Department of finance), Ministry of Human Resources (eng. Department of Human Resources), Ministry of Justice (eng. Department of justice). The remaining departments, councils, commissions, corporations and agencies are located in the following localities: Igloolik, Cambridge Bay, Cape Dorset, Arviat, Kugluktuk, Baker Lake, Pond Inlet. With the decision to decentralize government, Nunavut's leaders hope to expand opportunities to work across the territory's various communities.

At the federal level, Nunavut is represented by one person each in the Senate and the House of Commons.

Economy

Financially, Nunavut is heavily dependent on grants from the Government of Canada. Under a financial agreement reached in 1999, Nunavut received $500 million from the federal government over five years, representing 90% of the territory's budget in 1999-2000. In this regard, the territorial government in 2003 adopted the "Nunavut Economic Development Strategy", which is the basis for the development of the economy for several years ahead and sets out the main goals and directions for economic development. The strategy highlighted such key industries as mining, fishing, tourism and handicrafts. Difficulties in the development of these sectors of the economy are the high cost of transportation, lack of maritime infrastructure, extreme climate and remoteness of resources.

mining industry

Jericho kimberlite pipe

Nunavut is rich in minerals, including metals (copper, iron, nickel, silver, lead, zinc, gold), gems (diamonds), hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas), and radioactive elements (uranium). In 2013, mining in Nunavut was carried out by the company " Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd”, subdivision Meadowbank. Meadowbank- open pit gold deposit. The field employs 678 people, the planned development period is 2010-2018. The cost of gold mining is $913.00 per ounce. In the north there are large reserves of coal, oil and gas; all in larger size looking for ways to extract these minerals.

Subsoil exploration is currently underway. In 2006 on research projects 200 million Canadian dollars were spent. As of 2009, there were more than 140 projects under development in Nunavut with the participation of about 70 companies in all regions of the territory. The flagship of the industry is the mining of uranium, gold and diamonds. Jericho, Nunavut's first diamond mine, operated from 2006-2008. In 2007, work began on two gold mining projects, Meadowbank and Doris North. The territory also has significant opportunities in the development of the oil and gas industry: only in the Sverdrup basin (eng. Sverdrup Basin) oil and gas reserves account for 11% and 20% of the total reserves in Canada, respectively.

Closed fields

The backbone of the economy was zinc mining, which generated $267.8 million in 1998. Early 2000s low prices for metals led to the closure of the Polaris and Nanisivik deposits.

• Lupine Mine 1982-2005 - gold, current owner Elgin Mining Ltd is located on the border with near Lake Kontuoito.
• Polaris Mine 1982-2002 - lead-zinc deposit, located on the island of Little Cornwallis. Polaris was the northernmost mine in the world.
• Nanisivik mine 1976-2002 - a lead-zinc deposit located near Arctic Bay.
• 1957-1962 - mining of nickel, copper and platinum group metals.
• Jericho Diamond Mine 2006-2008 - located 400 km northeast of the center of the Northwestern provinces of the city.
• Doris North Gold Mine. The American company Newmont Mining Corporation» drilled mines to a depth of 3 km, but did not develop them. Newmont closed the mine and in 2013 sold it to the company " TMAC Resources”, which is now developing a mining project.

Fishing

Arctic char.

The Inuit of Nunavut have long lived in contact with nature and enjoyed the gifts of the sea. The locals have been catching fish and mammals in the sea for centuries. It is no coincidence that almost all the settlements of the territory are located on the coast. For the last 20 years, fishing has become commercial. According to experts, this industry brings into the economy from 12 to 14 million dollars annually, and also provides 300 seasonal jobs. In this regard, in 2005 the Government of Nunavut, together with Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated industry development strategy was adopted. In 2005, the Nunavut Environment Department received about $100,000 from the Canadian government as part of this program. The main problems of the industry: the lack of modern research in this area (the last work was carried out in the 1970s), the poor infrastructure of local ports to receive fishing vessels, the influx of labor from the south, instead of working with their own labor resources.

Fishing exists in all regions of the territory. Kivvalik and Kitikmeot originally fished for arctic trout, but in recent years have also switched to flounder, crabs and shellfish. In the Baffin region, halibut fishing is the main industry ( Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) and shrimp ( Pandalus borealis, Pandalus montagui). While the first two regions only develop offshore fishing, the Baffin region has great prospects for inshore fishing. The Government of Canada, which has not been engaged in the development of port infrastructure in Nunavut for a long time, has moved into action. Within the framework of the program Small Craft Harbors Program work is underway to create a small fishing port in. In 2008-2009, $25 million was allocated for its construction. The port at Pangnirtunga is the largest in Nunavut, with smaller fish processing facilities at Iqaluit, Rankin Inlet, Cambridge Bay, Gjoa Haven, Chesterfield Inlet and Whale Cove.

Traditional production

An important part of the economy are the traditional national crafts of the Inuit. In the 1940s, Canadian artist James Archibald Houston recognized the economic potential of traditional Inuit crafts. With the support of the Hudson's Bay Company, he began to form markets for artisans. They bring about 30 million dollars to the budget annually, by 2013 this figure may increase to 50 million. In addition, according to a survey conducted in 2003, about a third of the inhabitants of the territory are engaged in traditional crafts.

Tourism

Ovayok Territorial Park.

Despite the inaccessibility, the Nunavut government is actively developing the tourism industry. Every year the territory is visited by about 18 thousand tourists from all over the world. Tourists have the opportunity to engage in sports hunting, fishing and much more. Cruise ships visit 4 locations in the Baffin area every year, thus being important source income of the local population.

On August 12, 1999, on the basis of the agreement on the division of land, an additional agreement was signed (eng. Inuit Impact and Benefit Agreement), which contained a description of the three parks of the territory: Auyuittuq, Kuttinirpaak and Sirmilik. In 2003, the Ukkusiksalik National Park was added to them. In addition, 13 territorial parks, 4 protected rivers, two hiking trails and the Telon Wildlife Sanctuary are offered to the attention of tourists.

Transport and communications

Airport in Cambridge Bay.

For many sectors of the Nunavut economy, the main difficulty is the high cost of transportation. Due to the long distances and permafrost, the basis of the territory's transport system is air traffic, which exists with all the settlements of Nunavut. For the transportation of a number of basic products, including fuels and lubricants, sea traffic is used. During the summer, the indigenous people still use river transport. The only road in the territory, 32 km long, connects the mining town of Nanisivik and Arctic Bay.

Many communities in Nunavut are connected to major Canadian airports outside the territory. The Kitikmeot region is accessible through Yellowknife and then Calgary and Edmonton airports, Kivallik's main airport, Rankin Inlet, has direct flights to Winnipeg, and Baffin, where the territorial capital of Iqaluit is located, is connected to Ottawa and Montreal. In addition, the Yellowknife - Rankin Inlet - Iqaluit - Ottawa air route passes through Nunavut. The main airlines operating passenger air transportation in Nunavut: Canadian North, First Air, Kenn Borek Air, Kivalliq Air, Unaalik Aviation.

Energy

At the moment, Nunavut's population mainly uses diesel fuel for powering generators and heating houses, and also receives fuel from southern Canada by water or air transport, because there are almost no roads or railways in the region.

The government is making efforts to increase the use of renewable energy sources, which is generally supported by the local community.

Social sphere

There are no universities in Nunavut. The only training center is the Arctic College. In schools, teaching up to the fourth grade is carried out in the Inuktitut language, and only then does the transition to English take place. To overcome isolation, many schools have high-speed Internet.

Medical center in Arctic Bay.

Nunavut is facing a number of social problems due to high level prices for goods and services, low-income people, low levels of education and high unemployment. In 1999, the unemployment rate was 20.7% of Nunavut's population. About 38% of local residents over the age of 15 have only a ninth grade education. The suicide rate is about 6 times higher than in the rest of Canada; the level of alcoholism is 3 times higher. There are a number of problems in the field of drug addiction, sexual crimes. In many ways, the problems of the territory are due to the fact that many young people live in it.

The territorial Government has developed a number of strategies to deal with these problems. A long-term Inuit Employment Plan has been developed, which provides for an increase in the employment rate of indigenous people up to 85%. At the same time, it is not yet clear whether the territory will be able to provide the population with those benefits that are vital, since the cost of living here is 65% higher than in other provinces of Canada.

culture

Inuit national clothes

Nunavut represents the cultural and linguistic autonomy of the Eskimos of Canada. The cultural traditions of the Inuit, passed down from generation to generation, are well preserved.

Inuit throat singing also has rich traditions. At the end of XX and early XXI century famous singer Susan Aglukark presented them in a contemporary context.

A large role in the economy of many settlements in Nunavut is played by the production of Eskimo folk art. Approximately 27% of the population of the province is engaged in handicrafts. Many local artists have received worldwide recognition. Many Canadians are intimately familiar with soapstone carvings from places like Cape Dorset and Baker Lake. World-famous decorative fabrics and laces are produced in the company.

Symbolism

The main official symbols of Nunavut, the emblem and flag, were approved by the Governor General of Canada, Romeo Leblanc, along with its creation on April 1, 1999.

The blue and golden colors of the flag symbolize the wealth of the land, sea and sky, red - belonging to. Inuksuk symbolizes stone monuments that show people the way to land. The traditional North Star, in addition to being a navigational sign, symbolizes the leadership role of the elders in the community.

The coat of arms of the territory is also dominated by blue and golden colors, and the shield has an inuksuk and a kullik. Kullik is an Eskimo stone lamp that symbolizes the light and warmth of family and community. A concave arch of five gold circles indicates the life-giving properties of the Sun, which forms an arch below and above the horizon. At the top of the coat of arms is the Polar Star. The decoration at the top of the coat of arms is an igloo depicting the traditional life of the Eskimos and the means of survival. The crown symbolizes the public government in front of all residents of Nunavut and establishes Nunavut's membership in the Confederation. Caribou and narwhal are land and sea animals that are Nunavut's natural heritage. The basis under the shield is the land, the sea and the image of three types of arctic flowering plants. One of them, the purple saxifrage, was recognized as the official flower of the territory on May 1, 2000.

	Symbol	Image	Accepted	Notes
Coat of arms	Coat of arms of Nunavut		April 1, 1999	Contains symbols of the wealth of the earth, sea and sky.
Motto	Nunavut Sannginivut ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ᓴᙱᓂᕗᑦ ("Nunavut, Our land is our strength")		April 1, 1999	Approved along with other elements of the coat of arms.
Flag		April 1, 1999
wand	Rod of Nunavut		March 30, 1999	The symbol of the legislative assembly, carried by the bailiffs to the Chamber during official events.
Flower	Saxifrage oppositeifolia Saxifraga oppositifolia		May 1, 2000	One of the first plants to bloom in spring in the Arctic.
Bird	ptarmigan (Aqilgiq, ᐊᕐᑭᒡᒋᖅ ᐊᑕᔪᓕᒃ) Lagopus mutus			Lives in Nunavut all year round.
Animal	Canadian Inuit dog (Qimmiq, ᕿᒻᒥᖅ) Canis Familiaris Borealis			It lives in the Arctic for at least the last 4000 years.

see also

• Nunavik
• Nunatsiavut

Notes

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Literature

Story

• Kenney Gerard. Ships of wood and men of iron: a Norwegian-Canadian saga of exploration in the high Arctic. - Dundurn Press Ltd., 2005. - 139 p.
• McGrath Melanie. The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic. - Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. - 268 p. - ISBN 0007157967.
• Quinn Duffy R. The Road to Nunavut: the progress of the eastern Arctic Inuit since the Second World War. - McGill-Queen's Press, 1988. - ISBN 0773506195.
• Rowley Susan D. M., Bennet John. Uqalurait: an oral history of Nunavut. - McGill-Queen's Press, 2004. - ISBN 0773523405.

Flora and fauna

• Anand-Wheeler Ingrid. Terrestrial Mammals of Nunavut. - NWMB, 2002. - ISBN 1553250354.
• Birds of Nunavut. - Baffin Divisional Board of Education, 2002.
• Mallory Carolyn, Aiken Susan. Common Plants of Nunavut. - NWMB, 2004.
• Richard Pierre. Marine Mammals of Nunavut. - 2000.

Links

Policy

• Nunavut Act (indefinite) . Department of Justice Canada (1993)
• Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act (indefinite)
• Official site (indefinite) . Government of Nunavut. Date of treatment September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.
• Official site (indefinite) . Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. Date of treatment September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.

Economy and tourism

• Nunavut parks (indefinite) . Date of treatment September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.
• Nunavut Tourism (indefinite) . Date of treatment September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.
• Explore Nunavut: Travel information and community guides (indefinite) . Date of treatment September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.

culture

• Inukjuak Art History (indefinite) . Virtual Museum of Canada. Retrieved September 20, 2010.

Mass media

• Nunatsiaq News (indefinite) . Nunatsiaq News. Date of treatment September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.
• Inuit Broadcasting Corporation (indefinite) . Inuit Broadcasting Corp. Date of treatment September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.
• Nunavut online (indefinite) (unavailable link). northern news. Date of treatment September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.
• CBC North (indefinite) . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Date of treatment September 20, 2010. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012.