Not only scientists focus on temperature indicators in scientific works, but also ordinary people planning to go out and not knowing what clothes to choose. IN different countries There are their own, more popular measurement systems. Russian citizens are familiar with the Celsius scale; in America, the development of Fahrenheit is more popular.

Measurement in Celsius

In Russia and most European countries, when talking about temperature indicators, people mean measurement in Celsius. The temperature scale was invented in 1742 by Alexander Celsius. He was an extraordinary man who created a textbook on arithmetic, took part in a 4-year journey and visited famous astronomical institutions. Yet the name of the Swedish scientist never leaves our lips thanks to his famous scale, which has 100 divisions and was developed by analyzing the possible states of water.

The theory is based on features of water modification. Water freezes at temperatures below zero. Temperature indicators corresponding to the process of turning water into ice are called negative. The process of boiling water is possible at 100% (Linnaeus gave the scale its familiar appearance; according to Celsius’s idea, water boiled at 0 degrees and melted at 100 degrees). These polar marks gave the scientist the opportunity to calculate an indicator equal to 1 degree.

Then the Kelvin scale came into use, taking into account the minimum temperature of 0 degrees. These scales have been brought into compliance. To name the temperature indicator of a substance, calculated in Celsius, you need to add to the temperature mark on the scale developed by Kelvin 273,15 .

Fahrenheit temperature

Measuring on this scale is common. Often foreign medical devices and meteorological developments measure temperature on the Fahrenheit scale. We owe this system of temperature measurements to the Dutch scientist Fahrenheit; Among his developments are alcohol and mercury thermometers.

In the 20s of the XVIII century. The physicist presented his own temperature scale to the Royal Society of London. In the initial version, the temperature of the saline solution (water, ice and ammonium chloride in equal parts) was taken as the base point. Stable performance could be achieved at zero (-17.78 degrees Celsius). At the mark indicated by Fahrenheit as 32 degrees, the mixture began to melt. The third indicator indicated optimal temperature human equal to 96 degrees.

How to explain the presence of fractional indicators? They may be due to the fact that the zero mark was selected in winter period in the city of Gdansk. Subsequently, the Dutch scientist had to practice to obtain a well-reproducible value; then saline solution began to be used. The scientist did not have the opportunity to obtain a high-quality saline solution for his work. These shortcomings could not hinder the popularity temperature scale.

The Fahrenheit scale was especially popular in the middle of the last century among English-speaking scientists; it was used in industry and medicine. Europeans then began to favor the system developed by Celsius. Americans still measure temperature in Fahrenheit; It is clear to them that it is better to keep the room temperature at 68 °F.

British publications in meteorological reports follow this approach: they indicate indicators in Celsius and provide a translation for the Fahrenheit scale. This allows people to choose their own degree system and lean towards the development of one of the pundits of past centuries.

How do temperatures compare on different scales?

There are convenient formulas that allow you to carry out quick translation indicators. To understand what value on the Fahrenheit scale the temperature mark in Celsius is, it is worth applying special formulas. Temperature in the Celsius system can be calculated as follows: Fahrenheit scale mark - 32, multiply the resulting value by 5/9. So, 120 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to 48.9 in Celsius.

How to calculate Fahrenheit temperature from available Celsius data? We perform the following mathematical operation: the value of the Celsius scale * 9/5 add 32. 20 degrees of the European temperature measurement system are equal to 60 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale.

Celsius and Fahrenheit.

Temperature in Russia has historically been measured in degrees Celsius. Everyone understands that it’s hot at + 27 o C, but at - 35 o C you don’t have to go to school... If you take your temperature and the thermometer shows 36.6 o C, then you can’t avoid a test, you can’t pretend to be sick.

But in the USA or England, no one knows how to use our thermometers, because there they measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Why?

It happens that the same scientific problem is developed independently by different scientists. So, in the eighteenth century, several scientists worked almost simultaneously to study the properties of temperature, and each of them created their own scale; today only two temperature scales are used everywhere - Celsius and Fahrenheit.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was a German physicist who was engaged in the manufacture of physical instruments and instruments. He invented alcohol and mercury thermometers. Created my own temperature scale.

Anders Celsius - Swedish astronomer and physicist. Celsius was the first to measure the brightness of stars and establish the relationship between the northern lights and fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field. Created my own temperature scale.

How do these temperature scales differ from each other?

When Fahrenheit conceived his temperature scale, he wanted it to be as convenient as possible for humans and not have negative values. Therefore, for the lower end of the scale, he chose the lowest temperature known at the time - the melting point of a mixture of snow and ammonia - and designated it 0˚F ("zero" degrees Fahrenheit).

Celsius introduced 0˚С (Celsius) - this is the temperature at which water freezes and ice melts, and 100˚C is the boiling point of water.

Thermometers “Fahrenheit” and “Celsius” turned out to be very different:

There are different formulas that can be used to convert degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa. But usually no one uses them - why? After all, today in any country in the world you can buy your usual thermometer, many thermometers are marked on both scales at once, and on the Internet weather forecasts are published in different units of measurement!

But from the title of this book by science fiction writer Ray Bradbury, the whole world knows exactly the burning temperature of paper - 451 o Fahrenheit.

You've probably seen thermometers marked Fahrenheit degrees more than once: on them, along with one scale that measures temperature in Celsius, there is another one with the letter F. And, you've probably wondered more than once why this Fahrenheit scale is so strange, why there the temperature is higher than ours, to which we are accustomed - for example, 0 degrees Fahrenheit here will be 32 degrees. We will examine this issue later, but for now we will figure out how to convert from the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius scale and vice versa - to convert the temperature in Celsius to the Fahrenheit system.

How to convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius?

Converting degrees from Fahrenheit to Celsius is easy; this is done using the formula:

(F - 32) : 1.8 = C

where F is the temperature in Fahrenheit and C is the temperature in Celsius. For example, 68 degrees Fahrenheit - how much is it in our opinion, in Celsius? We calculate using the formula:

(68 - 32) : 1,8 = 20

So, 68 degrees Fahrenheit is 20 degrees Celsius.

For fun, let's take another number. American science fiction writer Ray Bradbury has a novel called Fahrenheit 451. How long will it be?

(451 - 32) : 1,8 = 232,77

The answer to the question why the novel is called that way will be a little lower.

How to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit?

Now the formula for converting degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit:

(C * 1.8) + 32 = F

Let's calculate the temperature of a healthy human body - 36.6 °C - in degrees Fahrenheit:

(36,6 * 1,8) + 32 = 97,88

That is, the temperature healthy person in degrees Fahrenheit will be 97.88.

As they say, we are much warmer in Fahrenheit!

Well, for those who want to quickly, without any mathematics, calculate the required temperature in Fahrenheit and Celsius, “I give you a certificate!” offers a calculator for converting temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa.

Fahrenheit-Celsius calculator

Why and where is Fahrenheit used?

Using various devices, we don’t even think that quite recently many of them did not exist. Modern thermometers and thermometers arose from the research and talent of outstanding scientists of the past, such as Gabriel Fahrenheit and Anders Celsius.

In 1665, two scientists - the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens and the English naturalist and inventor Robert Hooke - came up with the idea of ​​using the melting temperature of ice (the freezing point of water) and the boiling point of water to create a temperature scale. All further researchers and inventors followed this path.

In 1724, the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (German: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, years of life 1686 - 1736) - a German physicist offered the thermometer and scale he invented to the public. In the same year he became a Fellow of the Royal Society - leading scientific community Great Britain. The Fahrenheit scale was officially adopted throughout England and all its colonies.

The need for another scale, such as Celsius, subsequently arose due to the inaccuracy and lack of thought of the Fahrenheit scale. Interestingly, to create the scale, G. Fahrenheit used three starting points, two of which were initially inaccurate. He took it for zero winter temperature 1709 in his hometown of Danzig, which was unusually cold - for this he immersed the thermometer he invented in a mixture of snow with ammonia and salt.

And 100 degrees on his scale corresponded to the temperature of a healthy person. However, as we calculated above, this temperature is a little more than 97 degrees, and not 100. The fact is that for the body temperature of a healthy person, he took the temperature of his wife, who at that moment was beginning an inflammatory process due to the onset of a cold, i.e. e. her temperature at that moment was slightly higher than the body temperature of a healthy person.

The third starting point - the melting temperature of ice - corresponded to 32 degrees.

18 years later, in 1742, the Swedish astronomer, geologist and meteorologist Anders Celsius (Swedish Anders Celsius, lived 1701-1744) proposed a new temperature scale. However, it differed from ours in that the boiling point of water was taken as 0, and its freezing point as 100 degrees. Also, the scale was not originally called by the name of its creator, but was simply a “centigrade scale,” which in French and English sounded like Centigrade.

The scale was reversed by another Swedish scientist Karl Linnaeus in 1745. Now in it zero was the freezing point of water, and 100 degrees was its boiling point.

Why, given the inaccuracies of the Fahrenheit scale, is it still used? It's all about the conservatism of Americans and... the desire to save money. America was once a British colony and, as a result, adopted the Fahrenheit scale. Now the United States is a leading country in the world and sets the pace in many areas of life, including such a seemingly inconspicuous one as the production of thermometers. It is in the USA that the Fahrenheit scale is predominantly used. The Fahrenheit scale is also used in the Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Palau, Belize, but they do not make weather. In the United States in the 70-80s, a commission worked on the transition to the metric system, which also uses degrees Celsius, not Fahrenheit. Even Congress issued a special act on the transition to the metric system. However, economists have calculated that retraining personnel, rewriting textbooks, drawings, various technical documentation, signs and much more will require billions of dollars. The commission's recommendations were not binding - it was assumed that the transition to the metric system would be carried out voluntarily. And subsequently the commission was completely dissolved.

Why is the book Fahrenheit 451 called that?

Ray Bradbury and Fahrenheit 451

The title of the book is deciphered in its epigraph: " 451 degrees Fahrenheit is the temperature at which paper ignites and burns.". We have already found out that 451 degrees Fahrenheit is approximately 232.77 Celsius. A more accurate figure will be shown to you by the Fahrenheit to Celsius scale conversion calculator, which is available in the article above.

The work of American science fiction writer Ray Bradbury describes a future world in which books are banned and burned. special teams firefighters. At the same time, anyone who is found with a book is arrested, sent to an insane asylum, and the house of such a “criminal” is also burned. People are given only visual information through television - this is a society that has forgotten how to think and has lost its spiritual connection with each other. The author himself says that with his work he warns about the dangers of state censorship and the stupefying influence of the media.

2 Rating 2.00 (3 votes)

Temperature is physical quantity, characterizing the thermodynamic state of the object. Currently, several main methods are used to measure temperature.

Temperature Celsius

Initially, the idea of ​​Celsius was based on the basic physical states of water: thus, its freezing point was taken as 0 degrees. Thus, temperatures below 0, that is, those at which water is in a solid state, were classified as negative temperatures. The boiling point of water was taken to be 100 degrees: these reference points allowed us to calculate a range of 1 degree Celsius.

Subsequently, the Kelvin scale was developed, taking absolute zero, that is, the minimum physically possible temperature, to be 0 degrees Kelvin (or 0); the Kelvin and Celsius scales were brought into line with each other. Now, in order to set the temperature of a substance in degrees Celsius, you need to add 273.15 to the temperature on the Kelvin scale.

Fahrenheit temperature

Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures

For reverse translation you can use the following formula: Fahrenheit temperature=Celsius temperature*9/5+32. For example, 20 degrees Celsius according to this formula will correspond to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Moreover, both of these formulas can also be used to convert negative Celsius temperatures to the Fahrenheit scale.

Length and distance converter Mass converter Converter of volume measures of bulk products and food products Area converter Converter of volume and units of measurement in culinary recipes Temperature converter Converter of pressure, mechanical stress, Young's modulus Converter of energy and work Converter of power Converter of force Converter of time Linear speed converter Flat angle Converter Thermal Efficiency and Fuel Economy Number Converter to various systems notations Converter of units of measurement of quantity of information Exchange rates Sizes of women's clothing and shoes Sizes men's clothing and Shoe Converter angular velocity and rotation speed Acceleration converter Converter angular acceleration Density Converter Specific Volume Converter Moment of Inertia Converter Moment of Force Converter Torque Converter Converter specific heat Combustion (by mass) Converter of energy density and specific heat of combustion of fuel (by volume) Converter of temperature difference Converter of coefficient of thermal expansion Converter of thermal resistance Converter of specific thermal conductivity Converter specific heat capacity Energy exposure and thermal radiation power converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Volume flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Molar flow rate converter Mass flow density converter Molar concentration converter Mass concentration in solution converter Dynamic (absolute) viscosity converter Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Converter water vapor flux density Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound pressure level (SPL) converter Sound pressure level converter with selectable reference pressure Brightness converter Luminous intensity converter Illuminance converter Computer graphics resolution converter Frequency and wavelength converter Optical power in diopters and focal length Diopter Power and Lens Magnification (×) Electrical Charge Converter Linear Charge Density Converter Surface Charge Density Converter Volume Charge Density Converter electric current Linear Current Density Converter Surface Current Density Converter Electric Field Strength Converter Electrostatic Potential and Voltage Converter Electrical Resistance Converter Electrical Resistivity Converter Electrical Conductivity Converter Electrical Conductivity Converter Electrical Capacitance Converter Inductance Converter American Wire Gauge Converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV ( dBV), watts and other units Magnetomotive force converter Voltage converter magnetic field Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing radiation absorbed dose rate converter Radioactivity. Radioactive decay converter Radiation. Exposure dose converter Radiation. Absorbed Dose Converter Decimal Prefix Converter Data Transfer Typography and Imaging Converter Timber Volume Unit Converter Molar Mass Calculation Periodic table chemical elements D. I. Mendeleev

Initial value

Converted value

kelvin degrees Celsius degrees Fahrenheit degrees Rankine degrees Reaumur Planck temperature

More about temperature

General information

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.