Download the presentation on the topic of the Sea of ​​Azov. Sea of ​​Azov. From a geological point of view – a young basin

Transparency and color of water. Water clarity Sea of ​​Azov low. It varies in different areas and at different times of the year and ranges from 0.5 to 8 m. The influx of large amounts of turbid river water, the rapid stirring of bottom silts during sea waves and the presence of significant masses of plankton in the Azov water determine its low transparency. The lowest transparency is observed in the Taganrog Bay (0.5-0.9 m, occasionally up to 2 m). The color of the water here varies from greenish-yellow to brownish-yellow. In the eastern and western regions of the sea, transparency is much higher - on average 1.5-2 m, but can reach 3-4 m. central region In the Azov Sea, due to the great depths and the influence of the Black Sea waters, transparency ranges from 1.5-2.5 to 8 m. The water here is greenish-blue. In summer, transparency increases almost everywhere, but in some parts of the sea, due to the rapid development of the smallest plant and animal organisms in the upper layers of water, it drops to zero and the water acquires a bright green color. This phenomenon is called sea bloom.

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The Black Sea is a huge “bowl” filled with water (the depth reaches 2245 m) with a capacity of 547 thousand cubic kilometers (for comparison: to fill this “bowl” of the Danube it would take more than 2 thousand years). The maximum length of the Black Sea from east to west is 1167 km, from north to south - 624 km. The length of its coastline is about 4090 km, including 1560 km within Ukraine. Crimea is the largest peninsula in the Black Sea basin, which extends far into the sea from the north. The shores of the Black Sea are steep. There are many bays - small bays that cut into the land and are separated from the sea by capes or islands.

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The salinity of the Black Sea is two times lower than that of ocean waters, but two times higher than the salinity of the Azov Sea and one and a half times the Caspian Sea. Compared to the World Ocean, the Black Sea contains slightly more calcium carbonate and potassium chloride, but less calcium sulfate. It has a highly desalinated and, therefore, lighter surface layer (it is warm in summer) lying on a denser, saltier lower layer. The presence of two layers is constantly maintained by the removal of fresh water from rivers and desalinated water from the Sea of ​​Azov, as well as deep (dense) water from the Marmara Sea. The exchange of water between these layers is very weak.

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The climatic conditions of the Black Sea are determined by its position in the subtropical zone. Winters are warm and humid, summers are dry and hot. The air temperature in January is from 0 ° ... -1 ° C to +8 ° C, in August +22 ... +25 ° C. The usual amount of precipitation increases from west to east from 200-600 to 2000 mm. The temperature of sea water on the surface in summer reaches +20 ... +25 ° C, in winter - up to +8 ... +9 ° C, except in the northwestern and northeastern parts, where in harsh winters the sea freezes. The water temperature at depth is almost constant (+9 ° C). Under influence strong winds In the Black Sea, large waves rise, the height of which during a hurricane reaches 5-6 m, sometimes 10-14 m.

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At the bottom of the Black Sea are valuable minerals. Industrial reserves of flammable gas and oil have been explored here; the water contains iron, copper, silver and other elements that enhance its healing effect. The mud of the Black Sea estuaries has medicinal value. The waters of the Black Sea at a depth of 150-200 m are deprived of oxygen, which is replaced by hydrogen sulfide. The volume of water saturated with hydrogen sulfide makes up 87% of the total volume of the sea. Consequently, organic life develops only in top layer water. Salinity in the upper layer of the Black Sea water is 17-18 ppm, increasing with depth to 22.5 ppm.

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It is generally accepted that the main source of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea, both today and in the recent past, is the processes of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Organic matter, which is fixed to the bottom of the basin as organogenic-mineral sediments (sapropels), is a product of mass death of planktonic biomass. Another important supplier of hydrogen sulfide to the Black Sea, the role of which has so far been underestimated, are geological sources - faults and mud volcanoes at the bottom and also collapsing gas hydrate deposits, which also contain solid phases of hydrogen sulfide.

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The intrusion of Mediterranean waters, which have a salinity of about 38%, led to the salinization of the Black Sea fresh waters and the dissolution of significant amounts of iron, sulfur and sulfur compounds. In addition to hydrogen sulfide, under conditions of anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic matter in water and at the bottom, other gases are formed, such as methane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Research by scientists has shown that the water contains 02 mg/l methane, 05 mg/l ethane and ethylene. The last two gases most likely enter seawater due to the destruction of oil and gas and gas hydrate deposits at seabed. Most often, methane is formed during anaerobic bacterial decomposition along with hydrogen sulfide.

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The Black Sea is a natural laboratory that conceals huge reserves of unconventional energy resources. only 10-20% of the total amount of hydrogen sulfide is in dissolved form. The rest consists of hydrosulfides, which do not burn. The amount of hydrogen sulfide per 1 ton of sea water is about 0.24 g/t at a depth of 300 m and 2.2 g/t at a depth of 2200 m. Sapropel silts from the bottom of the Black Sea are an important potential raw material for the future. They can be used as natural environmental fertilizers, biological products, for the reclamation of contaminated lands, ceramics, for the creation of sound, heat and electrical insulating materials, filters for water and gas purification, nanotechnology, etc. Their possible use as a sorbent for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste from nuclear power plants. When exploiting deep-sea sapropel sediments, associated extraction of hydrogen sulfide and methane is possible.

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The flora and fauna of the Black Sea are relatively sparse and are concentrated in waters that do not contain hydrogen sulfide. Animal world has about 2 thousand species. The Black Sea is home to 2.5 thousand species of animals (of which 500 species are unicellular, 160 species of vertebrates - fish and mammals, 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, the rest are invertebrates of various species). Only 180 species of fish (anchovy, gobies, flounder, horse mackerel, mullet, herring, mackerel, etc.) are of industrial importance.

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Noctilucas are small predators, they swim quickly using their flagella and eat even smaller organisms. During the warm autumn, a cluster of noctilucas creates a beautiful, unforgettable spectacle - the glow of the sea. Several types of mollusks live at the bottom of the sea: oysters, mussels, pecten, litorina, tapes, modiolaria. There are especially many mollusks in the Kerch Strait, in the northwestern part of the sea, on the Caucasian coast. Those of them that live in the surf zone are attached to the ground with strong threads - byssuses. Rapana mollusk resembles a large snail. The body of rapana contains a special pigment that colors objects red.

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Not so long ago, a new mollusk appeared in the Black Sea - miya. Outwardly, it resembles a mussel, its length ranges from 3.5 to 8 centimeters. Mia is edible, it is fished in many countries, and in the USA it is artificially bred. This mollusk was found in the northwestern part of the sea at depths of 7–10 meters on muddy soils, even those saturated with hydrogen sulfide. Of the coelenterates, jellyfish, sea anemones and ctenophores are found in the Black Sea. In the Black Sea, the most common jellyfish with the beautiful name “Aurelia”, which resembles a saucer in shape, with tentacles running crosswise through the middle, and the rhizostoma jellyfish, or cornerot, which has a dome and long hanging tentacles. At the ends of the tentacles are placed mouth openings. The first of the two types of jellyfish is not poisonous, but the second can cause a burn similar to a nettle burn.

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Of the echinoderms, brittle stars can be noted, which resemble a starfish in shape. They feed on mud. In the southwestern part of the sea they live sea ​​urchins. Long sharp needles on special “hinges” are attached to the hedgehog’s body. Although sometimes urchins are prey for crabs, large fish and seabirds (birds throw them on top of rocks and break their shells), they are still well protected from attack by their spines.

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Mackerel, horse mackerel, bonito, and tuna come in the spring from the Marmara Sea to the Black Sea, and go back in the fall: these are heat-loving fish, for them the winter Black Sea water is cold. For example, mackerel comes to the Black Sea when its water temperature rises above 8°C, and it overwinters and spawns in the Sea of ​​Marmara. Horse mackerel sometimes winters in the southern part of the Black Sea. Mullet, herring and anchovies (anchovies) move from the Black Sea to the Azov Sea in the spring to feed. In autumn, when the water temperature drops to 6 degrees, the fish return back to the Black Sea. Sturgeon spawn in the Don, Kuban, and Dnieper rivers, and salmon spawn in the rivers of the Caucasus coast. There are also eels in the sea, river and sea. river eel has a length of half a meter to one and a half meters and weighs from 2 to 6 kilograms. Eels feed on fish, crayfish, and mollusks.

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Among the fish that are not of great commercial importance, one can note the goby, the ruffe, the pipefish, the skate, the stickleback, the dragon, the little fish that is capable of cracking shells of mollusks with its teeth; sea ​​rooster (or triglu) with upper fins resembling wings and lower hard fins on which the fish rests while moving along the bottom.

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BLACK SEA FISHES OF DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL GROUPS Bony fishes Cartilaginous fish Benthic species Benthic pelagic species Pelagic species Burbot Gaidropsarus mediterraneus L. Scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus L. March goby Mesogobius batrachocephalus Pallas Round goby Neogobius melanostomus Pallas Whiting Merlangus euxinus Nordmann Red mullet Mullus barbatus ponticus Essipov Greenfinch Symphodus tinca L Smarida Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque Stargazer Uranoscopus scaber L. Dark croaker Sciaena umbra L Horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus Staidachner Mullet Lisa aurata Risso Katran Squalus acanthias L. Sea cat Raja clavata L. Sea fox Dasyatis pastinaca L.

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The most common common dolphin is the common dolphin, while the largest is the bottlenose dolphin (3 - 4 meters in length). Dolphins breathe with their lungs, not their gills. They can stay underwater using the air supply for up to half an hour. Being pulled ashore, dolphins quickly fall asleep, but not because they can’t breathe, like fish. The dolphin dies from excess weight, which is much less in water. On land, its insides begin to press on each other, becoming greatly deformed.

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The white-bellied monk seal lives in the southern regions of the sea. This is a rare animal, it is listed in the International Red Book. He was nicknamed the monk for his love of solitude. In the waters of the Black Sea, the monk seal was found until the end of the last century as single individuals and small groups off the southwestern coast of Crimea. There are several pairs of these seals left in the Black Sea. They live in underwater caves off the coast of Bulgaria and Turkey.

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Several species of gulls and terns are found in the Black Sea: laughing gull, sea pigeon, gull-billed tern, Mediterranean gull, chenrava and others. On the shores of the Black Sea you can find a black-headed seagull that makes loud laughing sounds. That's what they call her - the black-headed laughter. In the same areas you can also find a bird similar to these waders: the loaf. Its color is dark brown. It nests in colonies, often next to herons and cormorants. They are all hunting for fish.

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Another long-legged one, but unlike waders White bird with a crest on its head, similar to a heron, with a large flat beak - spoonbill - lives in coastal areas in the north-west of the Black Sea, on the shores of the Azov Sea. She deftly pulls small fish, frogs, and aquatic insects out of the water, moving her beak left and right. The now rare birds pelicans - pink and curly-haired - can also be found on the Black Sea. The pink pelican has black wings, while the curly pelican has light gray wings.

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In the Black Sea there are more than 660 species of plants, including 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae (cystoseira, phyllophora, cladophora, ulva, enteromorpha, etc.). In the northwestern part of the sea there is the world's largest accumulation of red algae (phyllophora). The flat seabed at shallow depths (20-50 m) is covered with algae with a layer of 10-45 cm. Algae have a high iodine content. Previously, medicinal iodine was extracted from them, now they produce feed flour. Due to the deteriorating environmental situation in the Black Sea, phyllophora stocks are rapidly declining.

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On the surf line you can find pink calcareous algae - coralline. At depths of up to 20 - 30 meters, the brown algae Cystoseira lives on rocky soils. It is a thallus more than a meter long and a “beard” of fibers attached to it. The density of its settlements reaches seven kilograms per square meter. Bryozoans, worms and mussels live in cystoseira thickets. Green algae live somewhat deeper: Ulva (or sea lettuce) and Laurencia. In a lull, at a depth of up to 10 meters, it lives on sandy and silty-sandy soil. flowering plant zoster (or sea grass). Its thickets are very common in the northwestern part of the sea. There it forms dense underwater meadows. The zoster is inhabited by grass goby (it digs holes in the rhizomes), worms, stingrays, seahorses, pipefish and shrimps swim. All of them have a protective green or brown color. Ulva Corallina

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The commercial algae Phyllophora, or sea grape, as it is called for its external resemblance to grapes, lives deeper than others. It has a dark red color. Among the algae there are also floating forms. Some of these algae, such as peridinea, create a glow in the sea at night. Sea grass - zoster - is used after drying for stuffing mattresses and upholstered furniture, ulva and lawrencia provide delicious nutritious dishes. Cystoseira serves as a fertilizer for grapes and other crops in rotted form or in the form of ash after burning.

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The Sea of ​​Azov washes the southeastern shores of Ukraine and the southern shores of Russia, and is connected to the Black Sea by the Kerch Strait. This is the inland sea of ​​the basin Atlantic Ocean. The Sea of ​​Azov is the shallowest on Earth, its area is 39 thousand square kilometers, average depth 7-10 m, maximum - 15 m. Its greatest length from northeast to southwest is 360 km.

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The average salinity of water in the central part of the Azov Sea is 13-14%, off the eastern shores - 2-5 ppm. The maximum salinity of the water of the Sivash Bay reaches 25 ppm. In the water of the Azov Sea, as in the ocean, chlorides predominate. But, unlike ocean water, the salinity of the Azov Sea is much lower. In addition, compared to the ocean, the relative content of calcium, carbonates and sulfates in Azov water is increased, and chlorine, sodium and potassium, on the contrary, is decreased. The salinity of the water in the sea basin and the Sivash Bay varies markedly by season - it is highest in the summer (maximum evaporation) and low in the spring, when the snow melts in the river basins that flow into the Sivash (Salgir, Churuksu, etc.). In summer the rivers dry up. Since the Sea of ​​Azov is shallow, its waters warm up well. In winter, the sea near the coast freezes for almost 3 months; in the central part it is covered floating ice. The sea freezes completely only in severe winters.

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An important resource of the Azov Sea is its seafood (anchovy, sprat, pike perch, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, beluga, herring, gobies, ram, flounder, mullet). Previously, the Sea of ​​Azov was rich in fish resources. Here their reserves were almost five times greater than in the Caspian Sea, which, as is known, is characterized by significant fish productivity. Tulka is the most numerous fish in the Sea of ​​Azov; its catch in some years reached 120 thousand tons. If you distribute all the Azov kilka among the 6.5 billion inhabitants of the planet, then everyone will get 15 fish. In the Sea of ​​Azov and at the mouths of rivers flowing into it, as well as estuaries, 114 species and subspecies of fish are found.

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The following groups of fish are distinguished: - fish that spawn in river floodplains (migratory fish) - sturgeon (beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, vimba, shemaya). These are the most valuable species of commercial fish. -fish spawning in the lower reaches of rivers (semi-anadromous fish) - pike perch, bream, ram, carp. - fish that do not leave the sea (marine) - sprat, goby, flounder. - fish migrating to the Black Sea (marine) - anchovy, herring. Among the Azov fish there are predators - pike perch, sterlet, beluga. But the majority of fish feed on plankton - sprat, anchovy, goby, bream. At the end of the 60-70s, the salinity of the sea reached 14 ppm due to the arrival of Black Sea waters, along with which jellyfish entered the sea, the main diet of which is also plankton. The Sea of ​​Azov is the main spawning ground for fish in the Black Sea; they come here through the Kerch Strait to lay eggs. In recent decades, due to pollution, the living conditions of marine animals in the Sea of ​​Azov have worsened. However, industrial fishing of fish (especially valuable sturgeon) is growing here, which leads to a reduction in valuable types of fish resources. Reducing pollution and increasing fish productivity is the main problem of the Azov Sea.

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Along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, on the spits of the Azov Sea there are a lot of waterfowl - geese, ducks, steppe waders, lapwings, red-breasted geese, mute swans, curlews, black-headed gulls, laughing gulls, terns. The Sea of ​​Azov is called the sea of ​​shellfish. It is an important source of food for fish. The most important representatives of mollusks are cordate, sandesmia, and mussel.

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Environmental characteristics Karantinnaya and Martynov bays (according to the State Inspectorate of the Black Sea)

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The main sources of pollution in the southwestern part of the Sea of ​​Azov are bottom trawl fishing for pilengas, which leads to the introduction of additional pollutants that are not typical for modern bottom sediments, as well as the development and operation of gas-bearing structures. The content of COCs in water and bottom sediments has increased significantly in recent years. At one time, the active development of gas drilling sites caused a significant increase in the concentration of toxic metals in the water and soils of this area of ​​the Azov Sea. The level of Hg in the water of the Arabat Bay was 0.01 µg/l, As - 0.01 µg/l, Cu - 0.03 µg/l, Pb - 0.02 µg/l, Zn - 0.037 µg/l. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the study area varied between 5.79 – 8.01 ml/l (97.5-135.5% saturation). The average oxidation value is 5.86 mg O2/l, with the maximum permissible concentration being 4.0 mg O2/l.

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Kerch Strait The ecosystem of the Kerch Strait is experiencing constant anthropogenic impact due to intensive shipping, dredging, the functioning of port and offshore transshipment complexes, and emergency situations. At the same time, petroleum products have remained one of the main pollutants of the strait for many years. Studies conducted in the summer of 2010 showed that the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface water horizon varied within the range of 0.018 - 0.068 mg/l, and in the bottom layer - 0.020 - 0.094 mg/l (MPC = 0.05 mg/l). The content of petroleum products in bottom sediments ranged from 0.273 to 1.325 mg/g dry matter. The share of resins and asphaltenes accounted for an average of 37% of total petroleum products. The oxygen concentration in the surface layer varied from 6.05 mg/l to 13.23 mg/l, BOD5 – 0.01 – 2.59 mg O2/l. The content of nitrogen compounds varied in the range of 0 – 240 µg/l, 0 – 120 µg/l and 10 – 3100 µg/l for NH4, NO2 and NO3, respectively

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On Sunday, November 11, 2007, a strong storm occurred in the Azov-Black Sea basin, as a result of which several ships sank, dozens of people died or went missing, and the disaster area itself became the site of an environmental disaster. As a result of the shipwreck, the entire coastline on the Tuzla and Chushka spits was flooded with fuel oil; oil spills were noticed in the northern part of the Taman Peninsula on the Black Sea, as well as in the area of ​​the villages of Ilyich and Priazovsky on the Sea of ​​Azov; more than 30 kilometers were contaminated with oil products. More than 30 thousand birds died, and the number of dead fish cannot be counted at all. According to environmentalists, the consequences of an oil spill in the Kerch Strait will continue to reverberate for several decades.

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Degree of toxicity of some substances Degree of toxicity 0 - none; - very weak; 2 - weak; 3 - strong; 4 - very strong

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Arsenic concentrations vary in marine fish. Catfish, for example, contain large amounts of arsenic, which is explained by their predatory lifestyle. The level of arsenic in fish depends significantly on the habitat. The arsenic content in fish muscles is usually lower than in the fatty parts. Arsenic accumulates in to a greater extent in the liver, kidneys, digestive tract, gills than in muscle and nervous tissue. In marine organisms, arsenic is present in inorganic forms (arsenites, As (III), arsenates, As (V)) and in the form of fat-soluble and water-soluble organic compounds. The concentration of inorganic arsenic is much lower.

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The aquatic environment is the most important source of arsenic. Seaweed adsorbs arsenic from water. Within these organisms, arsenic is converted into organic forms. Fish eat algae or plankton, obtaining arsenic in the form of organic compounds. Crustaceans and other filter-feeding organisms can absorb arsenic directly from the water, or by eating microscopic organisms. Arsenic that combines in aquatic ecosystems is bioaccumulated by organisms in these systems. Marine plants absorb arsenic to a greater extent than freshwater plants. Accordingly, arsenic bioaccumulation freshwater fish many times less than sea water, which can be explained by the high content of this element in sea water. However, the accumulation of arsenic is not accompanied by a process of biomagnification (increasing the concentration of the element in subsequent members the food chain than the previous ones). Arsenic accumulates little in the soft tissues of fish, except in extremely polluted areas. In unpolluted and moderately polluted waters, arsenic levels range from less than 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg wet weight. Arsenic is mainly absorbed through food. Self-purification from arsenic proceeds quickly - the half-life of purification of arsenic from the muscle tissue of eared perch, for example, is only one day. Arsenic compounds (arsenic anhydride, arsenites and arsenals) are highly toxic.

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From anthropogenic sources, mercury enters aquatic systems in the form of predominantly metallic mercury, Hg(II) ions, and phenylmercuric acetate. Organic mercury compounds are more toxic than inorganic ones. Fish absorb organic forms of mercury more intensively than inorganic ones. It has been shown that the predominant form of mercury found in fish is methylmercury, which is formed biologically with the participation of microbial enzymes. It can accumulate in the body and produce not only toxic, but also mutagenic, teratogenic and embryotoxic effects. Aquatic plants absorb mercury. Organic mercury compounds are eliminated from the body more slowly than inorganic ones. Methylation of inorganic mercury in aquatic ecosystems occurs quite quickly, this is manifested in the fact that the ratio of the amount of organic mercury compounds to the amount of total mercury in the muscle tissue of fish increases with distance from the sites of exposure inorganic compounds mercury into the aquatic environment. Methylation of inorganic mercury can also occur in the liver and intestines of fish. In conditions of significant pollution aquatic environment There is an increase in the content of methylmercury in the chain of bottom sediments - mussels - fish. Methylmercury, rapidly accumulating throughout most aquatic biota, reaches its highest concentrations in the tissues of fish at the top of the aquatic food chain.

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Mercury affects the life cycles, biochemistry, physiology and morphology of fish. In the mechanism of the toxic effect of mercury, the leading role is played by the interaction with SH groups of proteins. By blocking them, mercury changes the biological properties of tissue proteins and inactivates a number of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. Under the influence of mercury, metabolic processes are suppressed, fertility and survival are reduced, and protective functions are weakened. Under the influence of mercury, indicators of humoral immunity changed: the level of lysozyme decreased, the bacteriostatic activity of blood serum and the intensity of antibody formation decreased. Mercury causes noticeable changes in blood biochemical parameters, disrupting protein, lipid, and enzyme metabolism, and contributes to the appearance of anemia.

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IN water systems Cadmium is absorbed by organisms primarily directly from water. The free metal ion (Cd2+) is the most accessible form for aquatic species. Marine organisms generally contain higher cadmium residues than their freshwater and terrestrial counterparts. Cadmium is characterized by the ability to concentrate in internal organs vertebrates, especially in the liver and kidneys. Cadmium concentrations tend to be higher in the tissues of older organisms. Higher cadmium residues are usually associated with urban and industrial sources. Species analyzed, season of capture, cadmium levels in environment and the sex of the organism are all factors that likely influence the element's residual levels. Exposure of fish to cadmium generally reduces their ability to undergo osmotic regulation. The most sensitive indicator of cadmium toxicity is early stages fish life is to inhibit the growth of fry. That is, aquatic organisms at the embryonic and larval stages are more sensitive than in the adult state.

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Copper enters the body of fish with food, but the rate of its absorption is inversely dependent on the presence of chelates and inorganic ions in the water and directly dependent on the time of exposure and concentration. In this case, a toxic effect on the body is manifested, expressed in disruption of the functioning of gill apparatus, asphyxia, anemia, changes in hematopoietic processes, tissue damage and necrosis. Acute copper exposure in fish results in necrosis of kidney cells, fatty liver degeneration, and cerebral hemorrhage. Copper ions reduce the resistance of fish to infections and change the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the formation of the immune response. However, it has been repeatedly noted that fish can adapt to low levels of copper, and sufficiently high concentrations of the toxicant do not cause death of animals.

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Zinc is a biomicroelement and is part of more than 200 metalloenzymes, including carbohydrase, alcohol hydrogenase, carboxypeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, thymidine kinase, DNA and RNA polymerase and others. It takes part in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Zinc compounds are low toxic. Mercury and copper are more toxic to fish than zinc. Fish that have experienced zinc intoxication experience dysfunction of the renal tissue, the functioning of the gill apparatus, a decrease in growth rate, size, and behavioral dysfunction.

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Aquatic plants accumulate lead in different ways. Lead accumulates slightly in fish, so it is relatively less dangerous for humans in this link of the trophic chain. The mechanism of the toxic effect of lead, like other heavy metals, is the blocking of functional SH groups of proteins that inhibit vital enzymes, and also disruption of the electrolyte balance, biosynthesis of proteins, hormones and nucleic acids. Most often, chronic poisoning occurs due to the ability of lead to accumulate in the body when taken in small doses. Lead lactate, which is formed in muscles when lead interacts with lactic acid, also plays an important role in the mechanism of the toxic effect of lead. Lead is a strong polytropic poison, has cumulative properties, affects all organs and systems of animals, and also contributes to the development of cancer. It blocks the formation of reflexes in aquatic organisms.

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Positive role of metals. Some heavy metals have important biological significance, they are necessary to maintain normal functioning of the body. For example, zinc, being an essential element, is found in organs and tissues mainly in an organically bound form, in the form of easily dissociable compounds with protein. It affects protein metabolism and has a catalytic effect on redox processes in cells. Being part of various enzymes, hormones, vitamins, zinc contributes to the formation of complex organic compounds. For cadmium, the ability to replace zinc in zinc-containing enzymes, which occurs most often in the liver, was previously noted. It is in this organ that cadmium accumulates to a greater extent, while in muscle tissue the content of this metal is insignificant compared to other metals studied. Copper plays important role a catalyst for redox processes, is part of an important enzyme - superoxide dismutase, which utilizes toxic superoxide - the O2- ion - in the body. About 25 copper-containing enzymes are known, which form a group of oxygenases and hydroxylases. Copper is involved in tissue respiration and hematopoiesis. Zinc and copper, being biomicroelements necessary for the life of the body, can play a positive role for fish when accumulated within the maximum permissible norms. At the same time, copper is a metal with variable valency and is part of some oxidoreductases. As a result of the release of electrons, an oxidative process is launched, which can negatively affect the exchange of nucleic acids and the ratio of nucleotides and nucleosides.

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RESEARCH METHODS 5 Atomic absorption and polarographic methods with preliminary mineralization for determining the content of toxic elements (copper, lead, cadmium, zinc); Flameless atomic absorption method for determining the content of total mercury; Colorimetric method for determining arsenic content.

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Seasonal dynamics of the content of toxic elements in the muscle tissues of fish of different ecological groups (mg/kg) Note. Bottom group: 1-burbot, 2-scorpionfish, 3-marvel goby, 4-round goby; bottom-pelagic group: 5-merlang, 6-red mullet, 7-greenfinch, 8-smarida, 9-stargazer; pelagic group: 10-horse mackerel.

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A colossal amount of pollutant emissions in the Black Sea significantly pollutes water and bottom soils. The saturation of the marine environment with xenobiotics disrupts the evolutionarily formed interaction between the organism and the environment, which leads to various negative consequences for the ecosystem as a whole.

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Nitrogen compounds are widespread in the marine environment, where they enter with household wastewater, fertilizers washed off from fields, and also with precipitation. One of the harmful consequences of saturation of aquatic ecosystems with nutrients is their eutrophication.

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Sewage from Black Sea cities, after treatment, brings mineral salts into the sea that promote rapid plant growth. At the end of the twentieth century, too many mineral salts entered the Black Sea, putting it on the brink of an environmental disaster. Overfeeding the marine ecosystem with mineral salts is one of the causes of eutrophication. Unicellular algae Cladophora prevents the growth of sea grass (eelgrass); green underwater meadows of eelgrass once covered the entire sandy shallow water. Tangles of single-celled cladophora shade the leaves of the eelgrass, entangle and stifle its growth.

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The Sea of ​​Azov is an inland sea in eastern Europe. This is the shallowest sea in the world, its depth does not exceed 13.5 meters. Sea of ​​Azov near the village of New Yalta, Donetsk region Location Southeast of Ukraine, southwest of Russia Length 380 km Width 200 km Area 39,000 km² Volume 256 km³ Coastline length 1,472 km Maximum depth 13.5 m Average depth 8 m Catchment area 586,000 km² Flowing rivers Don, Kuban, Eya, Kalmius

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General information Extreme points Sea of ​​Azov lie between 45°12′30′ and 47°17′30′ north. latitude and between 33°38′ (Sivash) and 39°18′ east. longitude Its greatest length is 343 km, its greatest width is 231 km; coastline length 1472 km; surface area - 37605 km². (this area does not include islands and spits, which occupy 107.9 sq. km). By morphological characteristics it refers to flat seas and is a shallow reservoir with low coastal slopes

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The underwater relief of the sea is relatively simple. As you move away from the coast, the depths slowly and smoothly increase, reaching 14.4 m in the central part of the sea. The main area of ​​the bottom is characterized by depths of 5-13 m. The area of ​​greatest depths is in the center of the sea. The location of the isobaths, close to symmetrical, is disrupted by their slight elongation in the northeast towards the Taganrog Bay. The 5 m isobath is located approximately 2 km from the coast, moving away from it near the Taganrog Bay and in the bay itself near the mouth of the Don. In the Taganrog Bay, the depths increase from the mouth of the Don (2-3 m) towards the open part of the sea, reaching 8-9 m at the border of the bay with the sea. In the topography of the bottom of the Sea of ​​Azov, systems of underwater hills are noted, stretched along the eastern (Zhelezinskaya Bank) and western (Morskaya and Arabatskaya banks) coasts, the depths above which decrease from 8-9 to 3-5 m. The underwater coastal slope of the northern coast is characterized by wide shallow water (20-30 km) with depths of 6-7 m, while the southern coast is steep underwater slope to depths of 11-12 m. Bathymetry

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The drainage area of ​​the Azov Sea Basin is 586,000 km2. Sea shores mostly flat and sandy, only on the southern coast there are hills of volcanic origin, which in some places turn into steep forward mountains. Sea currents are dependent on the very strong north-eastern and south-western winds blowing here and therefore change direction very often. The main current is a circular current along the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov in a counterclockwise direction.

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In terms of biological productivity, the Sea of ​​Azov ranks first in the world. The most developed are phytoplankton and benthos. Phytoplankton consists (in%) of: diatoms - 55, peridinia - 41.2, and blue-green algae - 2.2. Among the benthos biomass, mollusks occupy a dominant position. Their skeletal remains, represented by calcium carbonate, have a significant share in the formation of modern bottom sediments and accumulative surface bodies. The hydrochemical features of the Sea of ​​Azov are formed primarily under the influence of the abundant influx of river water (up to 12% of the water volume) and difficult water exchange with the Black Sea. salinity

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The salinity of the sea before the regulation of the Don was three times less than the average salinity of the ocean. Its value on the surface varied from 1 ppm at the mouth of the Don to 10.5 ppm in the central part of the sea and 11.5 ppm near the Kerch Strait. After the creation of the Tsimlyansky hydroelectric complex, the salinity of the sea began to increase (up to 13 ppm in the central part). Average seasonal fluctuations in salinity values ​​rarely reach 1%. Water contains very little salt. For this reason, the sea freezes easily, and therefore, before the advent of icebreakers, it was unnavigable from December to mid-April. During the 20th century, almost all more or less large rivers flowing into the Sea of ​​Azov were blocked by dams to create reservoirs. This has led to a significant reduction in discharge fresh water and mud in the sea.

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The sea is heavily polluted by waste from enterprises in Mariupol, Taganrog and other industrial cities located off the coast. In 2007, in the Kerch Strait near the Russian port "Caucasus" due to a strong storm on November 11, 4 ships sank - bulk carriers "Volnogorsk", "Nakhichevan", "Kovel", "Hadji Izmail" (Georgian flag, Turkish shipowner and crew) . 6 ships broke their anchors and ran aground, 2 tankers (Volgoneft-123 and Volgoneft-139) were damaged. About 1,300 tons of fuel oil and about 6,800 tons of sulfur ended up in the sea. Ecology

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Sun: the regime of solar radiation on the Sea of ​​Azov is stable and moderate, it promotes acclimatization, and in terms of quantity sunny days in a year the coast of Azov is not inferior to the Crimea. Air: the air of the Azov region, saturated with ozone, bromine and iodine ions, infused with the smells of the sea and steppe - an excellent medicine that has a beneficial effect on the endocrine system. Water: The Sea of ​​Azov is the shallowest among the seas of the World Ocean, which is why it warms up earlier than, for example, the Black Sea. On May holidays The swimming season is already opening. Azov water contains 92 useful chemical elements that easily penetrate the surface of the skin during bathing and have a beneficial effect on the body of adults and children. Water has healing properties: swimming in it strengthens the nervous system, improves blood circulation, increases vitality, and enhances the respiratory function of the body. Sun, air and water

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The fauna of the Azov Sea is very diverse and currently it consists of 103 species and subspecies of fish, which in turn belong to 76 genera, and is also represented by anadromous, semi-anadromous, marine and freshwater fish species. Fauna of the Azov Sea Along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, on the spits of the Azov Sea there are a lot of waterfowl - geese, ducks, steppe waders, lapwings, red-breasted geese, mute swans, curlews, black-headed gulls, laughing gulls, quacks. The steppe reservoirs are inhabited by the marsh turtle, lake frog, pond frog, some mollusks - reel, pond snail, meadow, crayfish and about 30 species of fish. The fauna of the Azov Sea includes about 80 species of fish. Highest value have bream, pike perch, beluga, herring, ram, anchovy, large flounder, goby.

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Beluga, in addition to heavy weight, are also distinguished by their longevity. They live 70 - 80 years. True, compared to pike, which lives up to 200 years, and sea ​​turtle, living 400 - 500 years, the life of the beluga is short, but compared to the life expectancy of others sea ​​fish yet it is significant. Probably not many people know that the age of fish is determined by their scales and cut bones. These parts of the fish's body have annual rings, just like those on trees. There is an expression “roars like a beluga,” but strangely enough, it has nothing to do with beluga. It is not the beluga who roars, but the beluga whale - a northern sea animal. Beluga spawns in the same rivers as other sturgeon. Their caviar is highly valued. However, there are cases when the dangerous botulinus bacterium settles in sturgeon meat, the poison of which is dangerous to humans.

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Interesting flounder. This fish, flat and often lying on the ground, is distinguished by its ability to quickly change color to match the color of the underlying surface. In the skin of a flounder there are individual colored cells that, when moving, change its color. Scientists put colored glasses on flounders, and the fish tried to copy the color of their glasses. Interestingly, blind flounders are always black. They seem to see darkness in front of them and change body color accordingly. For some reason, flounder is considered one-eyed. This is not true, she actually has two eyes. Flounder weighs up to 15 kilograms and lives up to 25 years. Interestingly, its fry have a body shape that is flattened in a vertical plane; Gradually, one side of the fish’s body begins to develop faster than the other, and the flounder seems to lie on its side.

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Fish and sea animals hear perfectly. In relation to fish, it would be more correct to say that they do not hear, but feel, since they perceive the vibrations of water that arise when sounds pass through the surface of their body, especially the lateral line. Fish also have some semblance of an inner ear, auditory ossicles that perceive sounds. It should be recalled that sound travels faster and further in water than in air. Our method of catching mullet in the Black and Azov Seas is based on this property of fish: they are scared away by noise. Fish not only hear sounds, but some of them can make them. For example, scienae, dark croakers, gurnards and other fish found in the Black Sea “talk” to each other by squeezing sounds from their swim bladder (playing it like a drum).

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What do these sounds sound like? The gurnard "grinds its teeth" if it is dissatisfied, and when pleased it makes more melodic sounds, croakers "croak", herring "whisper", and horse mackerel "bast" loudly. Dolphins pulled out on deck “grunt”, “meow”, “croak”. Some fish make very loud sounds, such as the dark croaker. When a flock of croakers is at a depth of 40 meters, you can hear them “talking” on the surface of the water. Military sailors believe that during the war, some acoustic mines exploded not from the noise of the ship's propellers, but from the screams of the loudest fish. From this it is clear that the popular expression “dumb as a fish” is not always true.

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In addition to the sounds that we can hear, fish produce ultrasounds. With their help, they detect food or danger; this largely replaces their vision. It is not surprising, therefore, that blind fish can find food and spawning places just like sighted ones. How fast do fish swim? Which fish are considered the best swimmers? Can a person match the swimming speed of a fish? However, on last question Most people will probably answer in the negative. And perhaps only hydrobiologists can answer the first two questions. This is what they say. The speed of small fish is from 2 to 12 kilometers per hour. How larger sizes fish, the greater, as a rule, their speed. A shark and a dolphin can easily outrun a passenger ship, and a swordfish can reach speeds of up to 130 kilometers per hour. Man is a very weak swimmer compared to fish. The world champion swimmer cannot reach a speed of more than 6 - 7 kilometers per hour, that is, he swims twenty times slower than the fastest fish.

Sea of ​​Azov

Prepared by:

a history teacher

MKOU Maninskaya Secondary School

Bosyuk Alina Sergeevna

year 2014

a brief description of

Location

South-east of Ukraine, south-west of Russia

Coastline length

Greatest depth

Average depth

Catchment area

Flowing rivers

Don, Kuban, Eya, Kalmius

The extreme points of the Sea of ​​Azov lie between 45°12′30″ and 47°17′30″ north. latitude and between 33°38′ (Lake Sivash) and 39°18′ east. longitude

View from space

Sea of ​​Azov

History of the study

There are three stages in the history of the study of the Sea of ​​Azov:

1. Ancient (geographical) - from the time of Herodotus to the beginning of the 19th century.

2. Geological-geographical - XIX century. - 40s of XX century.

3. Complex - mid-XX century. - Today.

The first map of Pontus Euxine and Maeotis was compiled by Claudius Ptolemy, who also determined geographical coordinates for cities, river mouths, capes and bays of the Azov Sea coast.

Claudius Ptolemy

Map of Claudius Ptolemy

Origin

From a geological point of view, it is a young basin.

The history of the emergence of the Sea of ​​Azov is closely connected with the geological past of the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Black and Caspian Seas. Under the influence of internal forces, the earth's crust either fell or rose in the form of mountain ranges, which then, cut off by the work of flowing waters and weathering, turned into plains. As a result of these processes, the waters of the World Ocean either flooded individual areas of land or exposed them, or, as geologists say, transgressions (advance) and regressions (retreat) of the seas were observed.

Only in Cenozoic era(the era of new life), the outlines of the continents and individual seas, including the Azov Sea, become the way we see them on modern maps.

Coastline

The coast of the Azov Sea is less picturesque and diverse than the Black Sea. But it also has its own, unique beauty. The steppes come close to the sea, and in some places there are floodplains overgrown with reeds. The shores are treeless, sometimes low and flat, with a sandy and shell beach, sometimes low but steep, composed of yellow loess-like loams. The coastline of the sea forms fairly smooth curves, and only long sand spits give it some ruggedness. A large number of spit is one of the characteristic features of the shores of the Azov Sea.

Western and eastern banks

Mostly flat and monotonous. Near the mouths of rivers, there are floodplains. Most of the coast is bordered by sand and shell beaches.

The southern part of the eastern coast, approximately from the northern branch of the Kuban River delta to the top of Yasensky Bay, is the so-called Priazovskie plavni, crossed by a large number of branches and eriks.

Sivash Bay

South coast

The southern coast of the Sea of ​​Azov, formed by the northern sides of the Kerch and Taman peninsulas, is hilly and steep; In some places, rocky headlands jut out from it. The vast Temryuk Bay juts into the eastern part of the southern coast, and the Kazantip and Arabat bays into the western part. The banks of the Kerch Strait are high. It contains Kamysh-Burunskaya and Kerch bays, as well as the vast Taman Bay. In some places, sand spits protrude from the shores of the strait, of which the largest are the Tuzla and Chushka spits.

North Shore

The northern coast of the sea - abruptly ends in the sea, in many places cut through by beams.

A characteristic feature is the presence of low and long shallow braids.

The Fedotov, Obitochnaya and Berdyanskaya Bereg spits are noted; thanks to them, the Utlyuksky Estuary bays were formed, bounded by the Fedotov Spit and its continuation - the Biryuchiy Island Spit, Obitochny Bay, located between the Fedotov and Obitochnaya spits.

Berdyansk Spit

Living braid

Belosaraysky Bay

Northeast coast

Its part is the vast but shallow Taganrog Bay, stretching eastward for almost 75 miles. Several small shallow bays, bounded by spits, jut into its shores. On south side The bay is located in the shallow Yeisk estuary.

Taganrog Bay

Yeisk Estuary

Scheme of increasing water salinity

Before regulation of the Don from 1‰-10.5‰ at the mouth of the Don and to the central part of the sea and 11.5‰

(Changed near the Kerch Strait)

Creation of the Tsimlyansky hydroelectric complex

In the northern part, salinity = freezing

In the southern part, salinity = does not freeze

period relative to humidity ‰

10.9 ‰, by 2000 eleven‰

1977 salinity 13.8‰, in Taganrog Bay - up to 11.2. In a larger area of ​​the sea, the water became salinized to 14-14.5‰

During the 20th century. rivers flowing into the Sea of ​​Azov were blocked to create reservoirs.

What caused the increase in salinity.

S catchment area = 586,000 km².

From the shore to the center of the sea, the depths slowly and smoothly increase (max=13 m). The location of the isobaths, close to symmetrical, is disrupted by their slight elongation in the northeast towards the Taganrog Bay.

The bottom topography of the Sea of ​​Azov shows systems of underwater elevations stretched along the eastern (Zhelezinskaya Bank) and western (Morskaya and Arabatskaya Banks) coasts. The underwater coastal slope of the northern coast is characterized by wide shallow water (20-30 km) with depths of 6-7 m, while the southern coast is characterized by a steep underwater slope to depths of 11-13 m.

Currents

Sea currents are dependent on the very strong north-eastern and south-western winds blowing here and therefore change direction very often. The main current is a circular current along the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov in a counterclockwise direction.

Temperature

Temperature

tavg.il. °C

Azov region

Sea of ​​Azov

tavg.jan. °C

Southeast

Western

Eastern

Northeastern

Temperature regime of surface waters

The coastal parts of the sea and the Taganrog Bay are covered with a continuous ice cover. In the central part of the Sea of ​​Azov and in the Kerch region, the ice is floating.

Temperature

Northern and eastern parts

t °C January

Western and southern

(Off the coast)

Ice cover

4-4.5 months from December to March

Biota

Ichthyofauna includes 103 species and subspecies of fish belonging to 76 genera, and is represented by anadromous, semi-anadromous, marine and freshwater species.

The Sea of ​​Azov has no equal in the world in terms of the number of plant and animal organisms. In terms of fish productivity, that is, the number of fish per unit area, the Azov Sea is 6.5 times higher than the Caspian Sea, 40 times higher than the Black Sea and 160 times higher than the Mediterranean Sea.

Migratory fish species feed in the sea until sexual maturity, and enter the river only to spawn.

Among the Azov migratory fish there are the most valuable commercial species, such as beluga, sturgeon, herring, vimba and shemaya.

Semi-anadromous fish include common species such as pike perch, bream, ram, sabrefish and some others.

Marine species breed and feed in salty waters.

Among them, species that permanently live in the Sea of ​​Azov stand out.

These are pelengas, flounder, glossa, sprat, perkarina, needle fish and all types of gobies.

bearing

sprat

percarina

needlefish

gloss

flounder

Freshwater species live in one area of ​​the reservoir and do not make large migrations. These species usually inhabit desalinated sea areas. Here you can find fish such as sterlet, silver crucian carp, pike, ide, bleak

bleak

pike

goldfish

There is a large group of marine fish that enters the Sea of ​​Azov from the Black Sea, including those that make regular migrations. These include: Azov anchovy, Black Sea anchovy, Black Sea herring, red mullet, singil, sharpnose, mullet, Black Sea Kalkan, horse mackerel, mackerel, etc.

mullet

Black Sea anchovy

mullet

horse mackerel

mackerel

Black Sea Kalkan

Azov anchovy

Vegetation

Hyponeuston consists of living organisms, plants that live under a film of surface tension. These are the majority of organisms. The hyponeuston plays a huge role in the life of the sea - it is a nursery for the young of many species of fish and invertebrates, and a source of food for sea inhabitants.

Epineuston - it includes species that live on the upper, airy side of the surface film. These are some insects, as well as the microscopic population of foam flakes: bacteria, protozoan algae, etc. As a rule, each inhabitant goes through two or more life forms throughout its life

Plankton combines all the plants and organisms that penetrate the entire thickness of water from the bottom to the surface (the entire habitable layer).

They move with the help of currents.

Phytoplankton plays a huge role in the life of the sea. It is the main link in the food relationships of the pelagic zone.

Zooplankton. Zooplankton of the Black Sea includes almost all animals - from single-celled animals to fish larvae and eggs.

Seaweed

Blue-green algae

Brown algae

• The main fishing reservoirs of the country;
• Oil reserves under the seabed;
• It is a major transport artery of the country;
• International shipping routes;
• Recreational purposes (hundreds of health resorts on the shores of the Azov Sea)
• Study of the salinity regime and the choice of ways to prevent progressive salinization of the Azov Sea;
• Comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the impact of the projected Kerch hydroelectric complex;
• Development of an economic-ecological model of the Sea.

Ecological problems

• The sea is heavily polluted by waste from enterprises in Mariupol, Taganrog and other industrial cities located off the coast;

• In 2007, in the Kerch Strait near the Russian port "Caucasus" due to a strong storm on November 11, 4 ships sank - bulk carriers "Volnogorsk", "Nakhichevan", "Kovel", "Hadji Izmail" (Georgian flag, Turkish shipowner and crew) . 6 ships broke their anchors and ran aground, 2 tankers (Volgoneft-123 and Volgoneft-139) were damaged. About 1,300 tons of fuel oil and about 6,800 tons of sulfur ended up in the sea.

• Storms on the Sea of ​​Azov are accompanied by numerous tragedies - the loss of ships, destruction of coastal structures, and loss of life.
• On the Sea of ​​Azov, the north wind is called tramontane, and the northeast wind is called nor'easter.
• Severe winter comes unexpectedly in some years. The emerging ice fields and hummocks are reminiscent of the Arctic.
• Various kinds atmospheric phenomena- tornadoes, black storms, unusually large hail - complete the picture of complex and unusual processes at sea. Many of these processes do not always have clear explanations.
• The most dangerous phenomena - surge waves - are known in the Sea of ​​Azov. They lead to real disasters, thousands of victims among residents of coastal areas.
• Emissions of flammable gases from the seabed cause explosions, the activity of so-called mud volcanoes, and even the appearance of islands in the Sea of ​​Azov.

List of used literature

• Dobrovolsky A.D., Zalogin B.S. Seas of the USSR. M., Moscow State University Publishing House, 1982;
• http://azov.tv/azovsea.html;
• http://npamir.narod.ru/07/006.htm;
• http://omop.su/1000/05/113372.php;
• http://ru.wikipedia.org;
• http://www.azovskoe.com/hozussr.php;

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Artem Dmitriev, student of class 5 “A” Head Dmitrieva Marina Gennadievna Presentation on the world around us on the topic “THE SEA OF AZOV”

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Sea of ​​Azov - origin of the name In Rus', the Sea of ​​Azov became known in the 1st century AD, and it was called the Blue Sea. After the formation of the Tmutarakan principality, the modern Sea of ​​Azov began to be called Russian. With the fall of the principality, the sea was renamed many times (Samakush, Salakar, Mayutis, etc.). At the beginning of the 13th century. The name Saksi Sea was approved. The Tatar-Mongol conquerors added to the collection of names of Azov: Balyk-dengiz (fish sea) and Chabak-dengiz (chabach, bream sea). It should be considered most reliable that modern name sea ​​comes from the name of the city of Azov. There are a number of hypotheses regarding the etymology of the word “Azov”: by the name of the Polovtsian prince Azum (Azuf), who was killed during the capture of the city in 1067; by the name of the Osov tribe (Assy), which in turn supposedly came from Avestan, meaning “fast”; The name is compared with the Turkic word azan - “lower”, and the Circassian uzev - “neck”.

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Geographical position and borders The Sea of ​​Azov is located in the south of the European part of Russia, between 45°17` and 47°17` N. w. and 34°49` and 39°18` E. d. It is a semi-closed inland body of water, connected in its southern part with the Black Sea through the shallow Kerch Strait, and belongs to the Mediterranean Sea system of the Atlantic Ocean.

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Main characteristics of the Sea of ​​Azov The area of ​​the Sea of ​​Azov is 39 thousand km2, the volume with an average multi-year level 290 km3, and its average depth is about 7 m. Maximum length The sea from the Arabat Spit to the Don Delta is 360 km, and the maximum width from north to south is 180 km. Two large rivers flow into the Sea of ​​Azov - Don and Kuban, as well as about 20 small rivers, a significant part of which flows from the northern shore. The Don, flowing in from the northeast, forms a small multi-branch delta in its lower reaches, the area of ​​which is 540 km2. The mouth of the Kuban, located in the southeastern part of the Sea of ​​Azov, is a vast two-arm delta with an area of ​​4,300 km2. The average total flow of the Don and Kuban after its regulation is 28 km3/year.

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Water regime of the Sea of ​​Azov The water regime of the Sea of ​​Azov depends mainly on the influx of fresh river waters, atmospheric precipitation falling over the sea and the salty waters of the Black Sea entering it, on the one hand, and on the flow of water from the Sea of ​​Azov for evaporation and runoff through the Kerch Strait to the Black Sea - on the other. The Sea of ​​Azov has established a salinity that is favorable for the habitat of valuable commercial fish.

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Climate and temperature regime The climate of the Sea of ​​Azov is significantly influenced by the surrounding vast steppe spaces of Southern Ukraine, Ciscaucasia and Crimea with their rather dry climate. In the Azov region, average July temperatures range from +22 to +24°, January temperatures from 0 to +6°, and the average annual precipitation is 300-500 mm. The Sea of ​​Azov is characterized by relatively cold but short winters, mild summers with an even distribution of temperatures, warm autumns compared to spring and high relative humidity air. Average annual temperature air on the Sea of ​​Azov ranges from +9 to +11°. In summer, the temperature for all areas is almost the same. The maximum temperature in July is +35 - +40°.

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Fauna Along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, on the spits of the Sea of ​​Azov there are a lot of waterfowl - geese, ducks, steppe waders, lapwings, red-breasted geese, mute swans, curlews, black-headed gulls, laughing gulls, quacks. The steppe reservoirs are inhabited by the marsh turtle, lake frog, pond frog, some mollusks - reel, pond snail, meadow, crayfish and about 30 species of fish. Fish catch per hectare of surface in the Sea of ​​Azov is 80 kilograms, for comparison in the Black Sea - 2 kilograms, in the Mediterranean - 0.5 kilograms. The Sea of ​​Azov is called the sea of ​​shellfish. It is an important source of food for fish. The most important representatives of mollusks are cordate, sandesmia, and mussel. In terms of biological productivity, the Sea of ​​Azov ranks first in the world. The ichthyofauna is of particular interest. More than 70 species of different fish live directly in the Azov Sea, including: beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, flounder, mullet, sprat, anchovy, ram, vimbat, shemaya, and various types of gobies.

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Ecology The sea is heavily polluted by waste from enterprises in Mariupol (especially the full-cycle metallurgical enterprise OJSC Azovstal), Taganrog and other industrial cities located off the coast. Increased shipping has led to sea pollution and even environmental disasters. In 2007, in the Kerch Strait near the Russian port "Caucasus" due to a strong storm on November 11, 4 ships sank - bulk carriers "Volnogorsk", "Nakhichevan", "Kovel", "Hadji Izmail" (Georgian flag, Turkish shipowner and crew) . 6 ships broke their anchors and ran aground, 2 tankers (Volgoneft-123 and Volgoneft-139) were damaged. About 1,300 tons of fuel oil and about 6,800 tons of sulfur ended up in the sea.

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Interesting Facts about the Sea of ​​Azov The Sea of ​​Azov is the smallest of all the seas washing Russia. Of all the seas in the world, the Sea of ​​Azov is the shallowest, its depth does not exceed thirteen meters at its most deep point. The Sea of ​​Azov is the most distant sea on Earth from any ocean, that is, the most continental. In summer, coastal waters sometimes glow at night. More precisely, the abundant algae that live there glow. In winter, the Sea of ​​Azov is often covered with ice. Sometimes - completely. The second name of the Azov Sea is the Sea of ​​Shellfish.