04.01.2021
What is a solo on mars. What is a sol? What is its duration? How long is a Martian year
Many people first heard the word "sol" in the movie "The Martian". It tells about a man who spent a long time on Mars alone. And what is a sol on Mars and what does it calculate? Let's try to understand this issue.
The advent of salt
Since the study of the Red Planet, people have faced the problem of time calculation. At that moment, a unique time measurement system was developed, called the sol. So what is a sol on Mars and why is it needed? Sol is a Martian day. It is different from our earthly one.
In the automatic study of Mars, scientists are faced with the problem of ignorance about the flow of solar energy, from which the rovers are powered. And then there was an urgent need to create a Martian calendar and a special clock. They are in sync with Mars.
Since the inclination of the rotation of the Red Planet to the orbital plane is somewhat different from the Earth's, similar seasonal periods arise on the planet. However, the eccentricity of the orbit of Mars is greater, which is why the duration of the periods varies greatly. The Martian days are close to the Earth ones, but the duration of the year is different, which greatly desynchronizes the Martian and Earth calendars. Because of this, we had to develop a specific calendar and a new time calculation that works in sync with our clocks and calendars. Knowing the sun-day on Mars, the operators working with Martian machines know the time of solar energy flows.
Time on Mars
How long is a Martian day and what is a sol on Mars? Sol is called the Martian solar day. They are equal to 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35 seconds. In general, the day can be stellar and sunny. The first ones last 24 hours, 27 minutes and 22 seconds. On Earth, these figures are less: a sidereal day lasts 23 hours and 56 minutes, and a solar day lasts 24 hours. The length of a solar day changes throughout the year as the planet moves in its orbit and the Sun shifts against the background of the starry sky.
And what is the sol on Mars for scientists? According to international standards, for vehicles operating on the Red Planet, it is customary to use the Martian solar day, or sol, which is divided into twenty-four Martian hours. Moreover, when breaking down, it was taken into account that the duration of seconds in one minute on Mars is 2.7% longer than on Earth. Because of this feature, the work schedule of the operators is shifted every Earth day by forty minutes. Now we know what 1 sol is on Mars: it is equal to 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35 seconds on Earth.
Countdown
The knowledge of how long the sol lasts on Mars, scientists received after a detailed study of the planet. The initial count is the zero meridian passing through a small crater. Coordinate Martian time is an analogue of universal time. It is defined as the mean solar time at the prime meridian.
According to scientists, the difference between true solar and mean solar time varies greatly throughout the year. On Earth there is a time fluctuation in the interval from minus fourteen minutes to plus sixteen minutes, on Mars these fluctuations are larger - almost an hour.
There are no time zones familiar to us on the Red Planet. Six rovers operate on this planet: five of them are in local solar time, and one is in true solar time.
A year on Mars
Like the day, there are two types of year on Earth: tropical and stellar. The latter is understood as the period of a complete change of the seasons or the period of time in which the longitude of the Sun changes by 360 degrees. Sidereal year - orbital movement around the Sun relative to fixed stars. These periods diverge from each other by about twenty minutes. The same thing happens on the Red Planet.
Knowing about the concept of "sol" on Mars, how many days it is, you can calculate the Martian year. Since this planet revolves around the luminary at a slower speed than the Earth, the year here will be longer - 686 Earth days, and there will be fewer sols - 668. If we take the periods between equinoxes and solstices as seasons, then spring is considered the longest period in the northern hemisphere - it lasts one hundred and ninety-three sols, and autumn - one hundred and forty-two sols.
For the basis of the Martian calendar, the tropical year is considered the most successful type of year, since the precession cycles on the planet are large. However, the length of the tropical year can be different: it all depends on the starting point. As a start, the day of the spring equinox or the day of the solstice can be chosen. But they usually use the day of the vernal equinox, since the orbit of Mars is more elongated and the index of the tropical year, calculated from different points of reference, is different.
martian calendar
There are two calendars on Earth: the Gregorian and the Julian. It is more convenient for us to use the Gregorian calculus of time: it is more convenient in everyday life. Based on this, scientists came to the conclusion that it will be more convenient for the Martian colonies of the future to live according to the cyclic (Gregorian) calendar. However, this calendar has one small problem - a leap year. In our calculation of years, the amendment occurs every four years. If it were not there, then the tropical year and our calendar would have a strong discrepancy. The same thing happens on Mars.
One of the variants of the Martian calendars was proposed by T. Gangal. He developed a calendar consisting of twenty-four months divided into 27 and 28 days. The calendar is based on a ten-year cycle with six leap years of 669 days and four of 668. According to scientists, this calendar is capable of giving an error of 1 sol per hundred years. This calculation of time is quite suitable for Mars, but it is not used. Astronomers and other scientists only count sols.
Now astronomers, cartographers and other scientists know a lot about Mars. Using all the data, they may well develop a calendar or apply the one developed by Gangale. After all, scientists even have a starting point for starting dates according to the AMT standard: on Earth, on the zero day, it is customary to consider the Julian date of January 1, 4712 BC or from November 24, 4714 of the Gregorian calendar. The first day had a zero count, and the dates themselves changed at noon. The analogous date for Mars is Sol, which coincided with our December 29, 1873. There were other options for counting: 1608 and the day of the vernal equinox on April 11, 1955.
rovers
Mars rovers have been on the Red Planet for a long time. Moreover, every time they land on this planet, a countdown is kept, but not like ours, without dates, but sols. The operators write about the work done: “Sol 36. The rover passed from crater X to valley Y” or “Sol 128. The car hit the rock." And every scientist understands at what time it happened and where the car is now.
Conclusion
Having considered what a sol is on Mars and how many days it lasts, one can imagine how machine operators work according to such a schedule: over time, the day shifts, and at the time when we have night, it is day on the Red Planet, and vice versa.
The Roman god of the Sun, corresponding to the Greek Helios. During the Roman Empire, he was identified with the Persian god Mithra. In 218 Emperor Elagabalus brought to Rome a stone statue of Sol the Invincible, and in 274 Emperor Aurelian introduced the cult of Sol the Invincible in Rome, establishing his annual feast on December 25th.
Antique world. Dictionary-reference. EdwART. 2011 .
Synonyms:See what "Sol" is in other dictionaries:
Sol- common name. Famous bearers of Bamba, Sol Ivorian football player. Bass, Saul American graphic designer. Bellow, Saul American writer. Sol Badguy is the main character in the Guilty Gear series. Wurman, Richard Saul American ... ... Wikipedia
Sol.- sol. salt mines sol. Saltworks Sol. Solomon name Sol. salty salty water Dictionary: S. Fadeev. Dictionary of abbreviations modern ...
SOL- male, old ambassador, envoy, envoy. Usretosha for I was heard from my brothers, Monomakh. Salt for women embassy. We walk with the salt of your king. Salt Wed the content of foreign ambassadors. And then the ambassadors will take their salt, and the guests their monthly, ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Sol- n., number of synonyms: 1 goddess (346) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
SOL- (sol) (S/) The standard currency of Peru, equal to 100 centavos. Finance. Dictionary. 2nd ed. Moscow: INFRA M, Ves Mir Publishing House. Brian Butler, Brian Johnson, Graham Sidwell et al. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000 ... Financial vocabulary
solid- the name of a human family ...
solion- the name of a human family ... Spelling Dictionary of Ukrainian Movies
soloist- name of a human family, istota ... Spelling Dictionary of Ukrainian Movies
Sol- sol, syl ambassador ... Dictionary of Old and Little Words
SOL- sports health camp sports ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations
Sol- I sal II [سال] 1. muddati yak bor davr task Zamin ba davri Oftob, ki 12 mohi takvimist va ba chahor fasl taqsim meshavad; nav ogozi salts taqvimi salts, ki odatan ҷashn girifta meshavad; kabisa salts purrai shamsi salts - melodies, ki 366 ruz buda dar chor ... ... Farhangi tafsiria zaboni tojiki
Books
- Saul Bellow. Duke, Saul Bellow. The novel The Duke (1946) is one of the most famous works of the outstanding American prose writer Saul Bellow. Moses Herzog, a fifty-year-old professor, the protagonist of the novel, is shown in a crisis ... Buy for 290 rubles
- Land of startups. The history of the Israeli diva. Den Senor, Saul Singer Den Senor, Saul Singer. Lining: Israel is solid - a small country without any natural resources, like being in a constant war camp. Ale mi know її zavdyaki vysokіy pіdpriєmnitskoї ї kulіtі, аdzhe…
Like all planets in the solar system, Mars rotates on its axis. Days on the red planet are replaced by nights, and a day is logically taken as the unit of measurement of Martian time. Let's try to figure out how long a day is on Mars?
Days on Earth and Mars
For people living on Earth, the system of reckoning seems completely natural. The flow of time is divided into certain intervals: minutes, days, months. This was done in accordance with the daily and annual natural cycles. The launch of interplanetary vehicles made the question of how long a day lasts on Mars urgent.
The usual 24-hour day is the period of time during which the Sun returns to the same point in the sky where it was observed yesterday. We track its movement from the surface of the planet, waiting for a reappearance at a fixed point.
The time it takes to make one revolution around an axis relative to the Sun is a solar, or synodic, day.
A day is generally considered to be exactly twenty-four hours long. In reality, their sizes are not constant due to the elliptical shape of the orbit, therefore, true and average solar days are used in accurate calculations.
Consider two axes of time - solar and stellar The stars can also serve as a guide. But our planet, rotating, simultaneously moves in orbit and shifts slightly in a day relative to the picture of the starry sky. When the constellations return to their original position, a complete revolution relative to the Sun will not yet be completed. The planet needs to additionally rotate around its axis. This is how the difference between solar and sidereal days arises.
The time it takes for the Earth to rotate relative to the stars is called a sidereal day.
Sidereal days are shorter than solar days. To calculate their duration, we divide the equatorial length of 40,075.017 km by the equatorial rotation speed of 1674.4 km/h. Since an hour contains 60 minutes, not 100, we recalculate the decimal fraction into minutes and seconds and get 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds, or 0.997 solar days. This is the interval from the primary to the re-passage of a star through a certain, usually zero, meridian.
In this article, you will learn about such a concept as kSol / s, what it is and what is equal to 1 kSol / s in H / s. Let's take a closer look at this using the example of a pool.
The value kSol/s denotes the current power at . Accordingly, the larger this number, the better. In the screenshot, it is equal to only 6% of the total network power, and over time this figure changes depending on how many people are mining through this pool. The more power on the pool, the more likely it is to find a block.
At the moment, it is impossible to find more than 6% of the total number of all blocks on the pool, and if you divide the value by the power of other miners relative to your own, you can find out the probability of finding a block.
Net Hash is equal to 419,494.81 kSol/s - this is the total power of the network (or the speed at which all devices inside it work).
What is 1 kSol/s to H/s
Also, many are interested in the question "How to translate sols / s to h / s". Actually 1 kSol/s s is equal to 1 H/s. Sol is solution, H is hash. In fact, these are two names for the same meaning.
The problem of clock and calendar synchronization on Earth and Mars became quite acute when the era of Mars exploration by robots began, since it was necessary to clearly know the flow of solar energy throughout both the day and the year on Mars. In this article, I propose to consider the existing ways of counting time on Mars.
Since the inclination of the axis of rotation of Mars to the plane of the orbit differs little from that of the earth (23°26"21"" (Earth) and 25°11"24"" (Mars)), it undergoes similar seasonal periods, but since the eccentricity of Mars' orbit is much greater , then the durations of the periods are quite different. Also, if the Martian day is close in duration to the Earth, then the duration of the year is different, which further enhances the desynchronization between calendars.
Days on Earth and Mars
There are two types of day - a sidereal (sidereal) day lasting 23 hours 56 minutes 4.09 s or 86164.09 seconds and an average solar day lasting 24 hours or 86400 seconds. They are not equal to each other because during the day, due to the orbital motion of the Earth, the sun shifts against the background of the stars. The mean solar day is tied to the "fictitious Sun", since the speed of the Earth's orbit, and hence the duration of the true solar day, change throughout the year.For Mars, the corresponding periods are 24 h 37 min 22.66 s (88642.66 s) and 24 h 39 min 35.24 s (88775.24 s), respectively. As a simple calculation shows, the length of a sidereal day on Mars is 2.9% longer than on Earth, and the length of a solar day is 2.7%.
By international agreement, for devices operating on the surface of Mars, the so-called. "Martian solar day" (Sol) divided into 24 "Martian hours". Accordingly, the standard of the "Martian second" is 2.7% longer than the Earth's. This results in operators shifting their work schedule by 40 minutes each day and wearing specially designed "Martian time" watches. There were also other projects of the Martian clock. According to one of them, it was proposed to introduce metric time on Mars, setting 10 hours in a day, 100 minutes in an hour and 100 seconds in a minute, according to another, a shortened 25th hour was introduced, lasting 39 minutes 35.24 s, but these options were rejected. Sol counts for spacecraft started at Sol 0 for the Viking, Mars Phoenix, and MSL Curiosity missions, and Sol 1 for Mars Pathfinder, MER-A Spirit, and MER-B Opportunity.
The zero meridian of Mars passes through the small crater Airy-0 which has the coordinates 5°06′59.99″ S. sh. and 0°00′00″ E. e. Mars uses the planetocentric standard of longitude, which varies from 0°E to 360°E. The old planetographic standard (0° to 360° W) is used on flat charts.
Coordinated Mars Time (MTC) is analogous to Universal Time (UT). It is defined as the mean solar time at the prime meridian. The MTC designation can be misleading about similarity with the UTC standard, however MTC does not use leap seconds and the closest terrestrial counterpart to MTC is the UT1 standard. Due to the larger orbital eccentricity and different axial tilt, the difference between true solar time (WIS/LTST) and mean solar time (SST/LMST) varies much more during the year than on Earth. If on Earth the equation of time (UV = WIS - SV) ranges from “minus 14 min 22 s” to “plus 16 min 23 s”, then on Mars this difference is from “minus 50 min” to “plus 40 min”, which already a lot. In the domestic literature, the inverse difference is more often used (HC = CER - WIS). However, one should not confuse solar time with standard time, which is only formally related to solar time. There are no time zones in the usual form on Mars, and of the six rovers, five use local solar time (LMST), and the sixth (Mars Pathfinder) uses true solar time (LTST).
The MTC standard first appeared in the Mars24Sunclock program created by the Goddard Institute, replacing the AMT (Airy Mean Time) standard, which was a direct analogue of the outdated GMT standard. The AMT standard is not used in any of the missions due to its insufficient accuracy. However, now that there are clear and accurate maps of Mars, the AMT standard may once again become relevant.
For simplicity of astronomical calculations on Earth, the so-called Julian date (JD) is used, where January 1, 4713 BC is taken as the zero point. e of the Julian calendar or, what is the same, November 24, 4714 BC. e. Gregorian calendar. The first day was number 0. The dates change at noon. A similar date for Mars is set to Sol, coinciding with December 29, 1873 (the birth date of astronomer Carl Otto Lampland, who was the first to take astrophotography of the ever-memorable channels on Mars). Other references were 1608 (the invention of the telescope) and the vernal equinox on April 11, 1955.
A year on Earth and Mars
As was done above with the concept of a day, let's define what a year is.Sidereal (sidereal) year - the period of orbital motion around the Sun relative to "fixed stars";
Tropical year - a period of complete change of seasons or a period during which the longitude of the Sun changes by 360 ° exactly.
These periods differ from each other by about 20 minutes (tropical is less than stellar), which is due to gyroscopic processes, in particular, precession and nutation of the planetary axis.
The duration of one revolution of Mars around the Sun is about 686.98 solar Earth days, or 668.59 sols. Since the eccentricity of the orbit of Mars (0.0934) is significantly greater than the earth's (0.0167), if we take the periods between the equinoxes and solstices as a season, then the longest season for the northern hemisphere will be spring (193 sols), and the shortest autumn (142 sols) .
As well as on Earth on Mars, a tropical year would be the best option for the basis of the calendar, since the precession cycles on Earth and Mars are large enough to be negligible over relatively short periods of time. The length of the tropical year depends on the choice of starting point. Usually, equinoxes or solstices are chosen as such a point. But usually, the vernal equinox is used for the Gregorian calendar. Since the orbit of Mars is more elongated, the differences in the length of the tropical year are slightly larger than on Earth. If for the Earth the third decimal place differs (from 365.2416 days to 365.2427 days), then for Mars the second decimal place differs significantly (from 668.5880 sols to 668.5958 sols).
