What limits the arc and the body. Bones (vertebral canal - mastoid process). Harmony of soul and body

The skeleton of the body (Fig. 11) consists of the spinal column, chest and is part of the axial skeleton.

Rice. eleven.

(front view):

1 - skull; 2 - spinal column; 3 - clavicle; 4 - rib; 5 - sternum; 6- humerus; 7- radius; 8- ulna; 9 - bones of the wrist; 10 - metacarpal bones; 11 - phalanges of fingers; 12- ilium; 13 - sacrum; 14 - pubic bone; / 5 - ischium; 16 - femur; 17- patella; 18 - tibia; 19- fibula; 20 - bones of the tarsus; 21 - metatarsal bones; 22 - phalanges of the toes

Vertebrae in different parts of the spinal column have not only common features and structure, but also characteristics associated with the vertical position of a person.

The vertebra (vertebra) consists of a body (corpus vertebrae) and an arc (arcus vertebrae), which, closing, forms the vertebral foramen (foramen vertebrale). When connecting all the vertebrae, a spinal canal (canalis vertebralis) is formed, in which the spinal cord is located. Two upper and two lower articular processes, the right and left transverse processes, depart from the vertebral arch. Behind, along the midline, the spinous process departs. At the junction of the arch and the vertebral body are the upper and lower vertebral notches, which, when the vertebrae are connected, form the intervertebral foramen (foramen intervertebrale). Blood vessels and the spinal nerve pass through this opening.

Cervical vertebrae (vertebrae cervicales) differ from the vertebrae of other departments (Fig. 12). Their bodies are small in size and have the shape of an ellipse. Their main difference is the presence of a transverse process opening. The first two vertebrae are involved in the movement of the head and are connected to the skull (this is how they differ from other cervical vertebrae).

1 - upper articular process; 2 - arch of the vertebra; 3 - vertebral foramen; 4 - spinous process; 5 - plate of the vertebral arch; 6 - lower articular process; 7-posterior tubercle; 8- furrow of the spinal nerve; 9 - opening of the transverse process; 10 - anterior tubercle; 11- vertebral body; 12 - body hook; 13- transverse process

Under the influence of an increasing load, the bodies of the cervical vertebrae increase from the III to VII vertebra. The spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae are bifurcated, except for VII, which is much longer than the others and is easily palpable under the skin. The anterior tubercle of the VI cervical vertebra is better developed than in other vertebrae. The carotid artery passes close to it, so it is called the carotid tubercle. To temporarily stop the bleeding, the carotid artery is clamped in this place.

The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae) are larger than the cervical ones (Fig. 13). Their vertebral foramen is somewhat smaller than that of the cervical ones, on the lateral surfaces of the body there are upper and lower costal fossae, which are necessary for the formation of joints with the heads of the ribs. The height of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae (from I to XII) gradually increases. The spinous processes are somewhat longer, directed posteriorly and downwards, overlap one on one in a tiled manner and limit the mobility of this section of the spine (especially extension).

1 - pedicle of the vertebral arch; 2- upper vertebral notch; 3, 7 - transverse process; 4- superior articular process; 5.9 - upper costal fossa; 6- spinal canal; 8 - spinous process; 10- costal fossa of the transverse process; 11 - lower articular process; 12 - lower vertebral notch; 13, 14 - lower costal fossa; 15 - vertebral body

Lumbar vertebrae (vertebrae lumbales) have a more massive body than other vertebrae (Fig. 14).

Rice. 14.

(view from above):

1 - spinous process; 2 - upper articular process; 3 - costal process; 4 - arch of the vertebra; 5 - vertebral foramen; 6 - pedicle of the vertebral arch; 7- vertebral body; 8 - additional process; 9 - mastoid process

The body of the lumbar vertebra is bean-shaped, its transverse size is larger than the anteroposterior one. The body of the V lumbar vertebra is the largest in height and width. The spinous processes are massive and directed backward almost horizontally, while the articular processes are sagittal. This gives considerable mobility to the lumbar spine. The vertebral foramen, which is larger than in other departments, is triangular in shape, with rounded edges.

The sacral vertebrae (vertebrae sacrales), connecting with each other, form a single bone - the sacrum (os sacrum). The sacrum (Fig. 15) has the shape of a triangle, the base of which is connected to the V lumbar vertebra, and the apex is directed downward and forward.

Rice. 15.

(front view):

1 - the base of the sacrum; 2 - upper articular process; 3 - front surface of the sacrum; 4 - transverse lines; 5- top of the sacrum; b- front sacral openings; 7- cape; 8 - lateral part

On the concave anterior pelvic surface there are four transverse lines, which are traces of fusion of the bodies of the sacral vertebrae. On the convex (dorsal) surface, the longitudinal sacral rowing

Neither (median, intermediate and lateral). On both sides of the surfaces of the sacrum there are four pairs of sacral foramens through which the branches of the spinal nerves emerge from the sacral canal. The massive lateral parts have an ear-shaped surface designed to connect with the corresponding articular surfaces of the pelvic bones. The junction of the sacrum with the V lumbar vertebra is a protrusion directed forward - the cape (promontorium). The top of the sacrum is connected to the coccyx.

The coccyx (os coccygis) consists of 1-5 (usually 4) fused rudimentary vertebrae coccygeae (Fig. 16). It has the shape of a triangle, curved forward, its base is directed forward and upward, the top is downward and forward. Some signs of the vertebra are observed only in the 1st coccygeal vertebra, the rest are much smaller and rounded.

Figure 16

(back view)

1- coccyx; 2 coccygeal horn

Rib (costa), 12 pairs, consists of a long posterior bone part and a short middle cartilaginous part (costal cartilage). Seven pairs of upper ribs (I-VII) are connected with the sternum by cartilaginous parts and are called true. Cartilages VIII, IX, X pairs of ribs are connected not with the sternum, but with the cartilage of the overlying rib, such ribs are called false. Ribs XI and XII have short cartilaginous parts that end in the muscles of the abdominal wall. They are more mobile and are called oscillating.

The rib has a head, body and neck. Between the neck and the body in the upper 10 pairs of ribs there is a tubercle, ribs. The rib has an inner and outer surface, an upper and lower edge. On inner surface rib along its lower edge is a groove - the place where the intercostal vessels and nerve pass. On the outer surface of the rib between the body and the neck of the rib there is a tubercle of the rib, the articular surface of which articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra.

The ribs differ in shape and size (Fig. 17, 18). The shortest are two upper and two lower ribs. The first edge lies horizontally on its upper surface there is a small tubercle for attaching the anterior scalene muscle and two grooves: the anterior one for the subclavian vein, the posterior one for the subclavian artery.

Rice. 18.

(inner surface):

1 - articular surface of the rib head; 2 - articular surface of the tubercle of the rib;

3 - tubercle of the rib; 4 - neck of the rib; 5 - edge angle; 6 - rib body

The sternum (sternum) is an oblong flat bone, which consists of three parts: the handle, the body and the xiphoid process. In adults, all parts are fused into a single bone. On the upper edge of the manubrium of the sternum are the jugular notch and paired clavicular notches. On the anterior surface of the body of the sternum and along its edges lie the costal notches.

The xiphoid process may have different shape and size, sometimes forked.

The spinal column (columns vertebralis) performs a supporting function, connects parts of the human body, and also performs a protective function for the spinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves emerging from the spinal column. The human spinal column consists of 33-34 vertebrae. The last 6-9 vertebrae fuse and form the sacrum and coccyx (Fig. 19).

Five sections are distinguished in the spine: cervical - consists of 7 vertebrae; chest - out of 12; lumbar - out of 5; sacral - from 5 and coccygeal - from 2-5 vertebrae.

The human spinal column is characterized by the presence of bends. The bend directed forward by the bulge is called lordosis (cervical and lumbar), and the bend directed by the bulge back is called kyphosis (thoracic and sacral). At the site of the transition of cervical lordosis to thoracic kyphosis, there is a protruding VII cervical vertebra. On the border of the lumbar lordosis with the sacral kyphosis, the cape of the sacrum facing forward is formed. The bends of the spinal column (lordosis and kyphosis) perform spring and shock-absorbing functions when walking, running and jumping. As a result of the violation of symmetry in the development of the muscle mass of the human body, there is also a pathological (lateral) bend - scoliosis.

1 - cervical vertebrae; 2 - thoracic vertebrae; 3 - lumbar vertebrae; 4- sacrum; 5- coccyx

The chest (compages thoracis) is formed with the help of the thoracic spine, ribs, sternum and articular joints, limits the chest cavity, where the main human organs are located: the heart, lungs, blood vessels, trachea, esophagus and nerves (Fig. 20).

Everything in the world is a manifestation of the divine triune principle. Spirit, soul and body are three single elements of all things: be it a plant, an animal, a person or a cosmic body.

Energy, in contact with matter, gives rise to interaction, the essence of which is life. All living things are alive only by this constant movement. Cells are constantly undergoing metabolic processes. Electrons revolve around atomic nuclei. The planets move around their suns. It is impossible to imagine life without this movement, just as it is impossible to imagine that the movement suddenly stops.

Spirit

The whole universe was created by spiritual creative energy. And this spiritual energy is the love of the Creator. As Saint Luke once wrote:

“Love cannot be contained in itself, for its main property is the need to pour out on someone and on something, and this need led to the creation of the world by God.”
Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky

The Spirit is the divine fire pouring out from the Source and breathing life into the frozen form. And just as energy cannot exist at rest, so the nature of the spirit is perpetual motion. Spirit is immortal, just as energy is immortal.

Energy is transformed into matter, matter is transformed into energy. Energy never disappears, but only changes its form. Therefore, the divine spirit is everywhere and in everything. Not without reason, in many traditions, God was likened to the Sun, which gives life to everything earthly. Plants use the energy of photons emitted by the Sun to build their own chemical bonds. For example flora we clearly see how energy, merging with a material form, gives birth to life. All the same energy of light, undergoing multiple transformations, goes through the entire hierarchical chain of the natural world, creating on its way a riotous variety of species. And in everything, absolutely in everything, movement does not stop for a moment. This is how the presence of the spirit manifests itself.

A photon of light can be absorbed by an electron, changing the state of the latter - bringing it to a new energy level. But one day, the electron will return to its original position, and release the captured photon. The death of the physical form is not the end at all, but only another transformation of life-giving energy, when the spirit leaves its temporary container and returns to the original world of light. The body will one day return to where it came from - to the bosom of nature, and the spirit, which is energy, will regain its freedom, and head in a free stream to where a new incarnation awaits it.

When the spirit leaves the body, matter crumbles into bricks: atoms and quanta. Only the presence of the spirit can unite these bricks into a single system. The system is observed in everything: both in the Microcosm and in the Macrocosm. Atom, cell, organism, solar system - all these are systems different levels reality. Together they make up the hierarchy of worlds.

Spirit is present on all levels. Movement is a sign of the presence of the spirit. In the world of physics such movement. expressed by the quantum energy. In a free state, energy manifests itself, for example, as a stream of photons of light. In the “captured” state, the quantum transfers its energy to the electron, forming a magnetic field around an even denser nucleus. The death of the physical means the release of quantum energy in the form of photons of light or an electromagnetic field.

Soul

The soul is born at the meeting of the divine spark and the material form - the spirit and the body. It moves just as non-stop as all living things. And its path by default is directed towards development and evolution. The souls of living beings, step by step, go through a long path of rebirth, so that each time becoming more complex and improving, one day they will be born in human form.

Yes, everything has a soul. But only the human soul, as the pinnacle of the evolution of the biological world, is endowed with full freedom to choose its own path. Choice is the highest gift of the Creator. And it is the possibility of self-determination that makes us like God.

If a person had no choice, there would be no evil, suffering and lies. But then there would be no individuality and creativity. For there would be only one way for everyone. Life would be like a strict algorithm of actions. Such a life would have no meaning and would be similar to the life of biorobots who do not ask themselves questions, do not think, do not feel, do not analyze, but simply do what is set by someone in a hard-wired program.

In truth, the above is already quite similar to the modern world. After all, many people do not use their opportunity to choose. But, despite this, everyone has a multidimensional structure called the soul. And everyone is able to direct his soul on the path of evolution.

Body

The body is only a temporary receptacle for the finer structures of the human essence. Someone relates it to the mortal bodies of the soul, someone calls it only an instrument of the soul on the path of evolution. Both are true. But at the same time, it is worth remembering that the spirit, soul and body are inseparable as long as a person is a person. Without a body, we will not be able to interact with the material world. But without the spirit and soul, the body turns to dust.

Yes, the physical form is only a reflection of the soul, and it is not eternal. But those who belittle the importance of the preservation of the bodily shell throughout life are wrong. The body was given to us by Mother Earth so that we would have the opportunity to gain experience in her world, which is necessary for the evolution of our soul. And a careless attitude towards one's body is the same violation as carelessness towards the subtle world. Therefore, there is nothing shameful in taking care of your body. On the contrary, it is important and necessary. You should keep him clean, give him the right rest and listen to his desires. After all, many desires come from instincts that are given to us in order to survive in the world of matter. Ignoring instincts can lead to undesirable consequences, in the same way as excessive following only one instinctive impulses. Remember, life is a constant search for the golden mean. And our incarnation in the world of matter is a training ground where souls learn by trial and error to find their middle path.

The physical form is a reflection of the soul, the extreme degree of materialization of the subtle in the dense.

Spirit, soul and body make up each individual unit of the world: be it an atom, an animal, a person or a planet. All living things are consciousness. Some unit of consciousness has gone further in its development, some less. Indeed, from the level of the planet, it may seem that a person is like a microparticle with electrons rotating around the nucleus.

Only these three elements of the universe together organize the movement of life, manifested in development and improvement. One would not exist without the other. After all, light is visible only when it has something to reflect from.

Open all Close all

1-skull
2-vertebral column
3-collarbone
4-blade
5-sternum
6-humerus
7-radius
8 cubit
9-bones of the wrist ( ossa carpi)
10-bones of the metacarpus
11-phalanges of fingers
12 hip bone
13-sacrum
14-pubic symphysis ( symphysis pubica)
15-femur
16-patella ( patella)
17-tibia
18-fibula
19-tarsal bones
20th metatarsal bones
21-phalanges of toes
22-ribs (chest).

1-skull
2-vertebral column
3-blade
4-humerus
5 cubit
6-radius
7-bones of the wrist ( ossa carpi)
8-bones of the metacarpus
9-phalanges of the fingers
10 hip bone
11-femur
12-tibia
13-fibula
14-foot bones
15-tarsal bones
16 metatarsal bones
17-phalanges of the toes
18 sacrum
19-ribs (chest)

A - front view
B - rear view
B - side view. 1-cervical department
2-thoracic region
3-lumbar
4-sacrum
5 coccyx.

1-spinous process ( processus spinosus)
2-arch vertebra ( arcus vertebrae)
3-transverse process ( processus transversus)
4-vertebral foramen ( foramen vertebrale)
5-pedicle of the vertebral arch ( pediculli arcus vertebrae)
6-vertebral body ( corpus vertebrae)
7 costal fossa
8-superior articular process ( )
9-transverse costal fossa (costal fossa of the transverse process).

1-vertebral body ( corpus vertebrae)
2 costal fossa
3-superior vertebral notch ( )
processus articularis superior)
5-transverse costal fossa (costal fossa of the transverse process)
6-transverse process ( processus transversus)
7-spinous process ( processus spinosus)
8-lower articular processes
9-lower vertebral notch.

1-posterior tubercle ( tuberculum posterior)
2-back arc ( arcus posterior)
3-vertebral foramen ( foramen vertebrale)
4-sulcus of the vertebral artery ( sulcus arteria vertebralis)
5-superior glenoid fossa
6-transverse foramen (foramen of the transverse process)
7-transverse process ( processus transversus)
8-lateral mass ( massa lateralis)
9-fossa of the tooth
10-anterior tubercle ( tuberculum anterior)
11 - front arc.

1-tooth of the axial vertebra ( dens axis)
2-posterior articular surface ( facies articularis posterior)
3-vertebral body ( corpus vertebrae)
4-superior articular surface ( facies articularis superior)
5-transverse process ( processus transversus)
6-lower articular process: 7-arch of the vertebra ( arcus vertebrae)
8-spinous process.

1-spinous process ( processus spinosus)
2-vertebral foramen ( foramen vertebrale)
3-arch vertebra ( arcus vertebrae)
4-superior articular process ( processus articularis superior)
5-transverse process ( processus transversus)
6-posterior tubercle of the transverse process
7-anterior (carotid) tubercle
8-transverse foramen (foramen of the transverse process)
9-vertebral body.

1-spinous process ( processus spinosus)
2-arch vertebra ( arcus vertebrae)
3-superior articular process: 4-mastoid process ( processus mamillaris)
5-additional process ( processus accessorius)
6-transverse process ( processus transversus)
7-vertebral foramen ( foramen vertebrale)
8-pedicle of the vertebral arch ( pediculli arcus vertebrae)
9-vertebral body.

1-base of the sacrum ( basis ossis sacri)
processus articularis superior)
3-lateral part ( pars lateralis)
4-cross lines ( linea transversae)
5-pelvic sacral foramen ( foramina sacralia pelvina)
6-apex of the sacrum ( apex ossis sacri)
7 coccyx
8 sacral vertebrae.

1-sacral canal (upper opening)
2-superior articular process ( processus articularis superior)
3 sacral tuberosity ( toberositas sacralis)
4-ear surface ( facies auricularis)
5-lateral sacral crest ( Crista sacralis lateralis)
6-intermediate sacral ridge ( crista sacralis intermedia)
7-sacral fissure (lower opening of the sacral canal)
8-sacral horn ( cornu sacrale)
9-coccyx (coccygeal vertebrae)
10 coccygeal horn
11-dorsal (posterior) sacral foramen
12-median sacral ridge

1st (I) thoracic vertebra
2-head of the first rib
3-first (I) rib
4-clavicular notch of the sternum
5-sternum handle ( manubrium sterni)
6-second (II) rib
7-sternum body ( corpus sterni)
8 costal cartilages
9-xiphoid process ( processus xiphoideus)
10 costal arch
11th costal process of the first lumbar vertebra
12-sternal angle
13th twelfth (XII) rib
14th (VII) rib
15th (VIII) rib.

1 jugular tenderloin
2-clavicular notch ( incisura clavicularis)
3-cut 1-rib (rib notch)
4-angle fudina
5-cut 11-rib
6-cut III-ribs
7-cut IV-rib
8-cut V-rib
9-cut VI-rib
10-cut VII-rib
11-xiphoid process ( processus xiphoideus)
12-body fudina
13-fudin handle.

A-first (I) rib
B-second (II) rib
Eighth (VIII) rib. A. 1-rib head ( caput costae)
2-rib neck ( collum costae)
3-tubercle of the rib ( tuberculum costae)
4-sulcus of the subclavian artery ( sulcus arteria subclavia)
5-tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle: 6-groove of the subclavian artery. B. 1-rib head ( caput costae)
2-rib neck ( collum costae)
3-tubercle of the rib, B. 1-head of the rib ( caput costae)
2-articular surface of the head of the rib
3-rib head comb
4-groove rib ( Sulcus costae)
5-rib body ( corpus costae)
6-sternal end of the rib.

Front view.

1-fudin part of the diaphragm
2-sternocostal triangle
3-tendon center of the diaphragm
4-rib part of the diaphragm ( pars costalis diaphragmatis)
5-opening of the inferior vena cava ( foramen venae cavae inferioris)
6-esophageal opening
7-hole of the aorta ( ostium aortae)
8-left leg of the lumbar part of the diaphragm
9-lumbocostal triangle
10-square lumbar muscle
11 psoas minor
12 psoas major
13-iliac muscle
14-iliac fascia
15-subcutaneous ring (femoral canal)
16-external obturator muscle
17-iliopsoas muscle ( musculus iliopsoas)
18 psoas major (cut off)
19-iliac muscle
20-intra-abdominal fascia
21-intertransverse muscles
22nd medial crus of diaphragm (left side)
23-medial crus of the diaphragm (right side)
24-lateral arcuate ligament (lateral lumbocostal arch)
25-medial arcuate ligament (medial lumbocostal arch)
26-right leg of the lumbar part of the diaphragm
27-median arcuate ligament
28-lumbar part of the diaphragm.

Trunk bones

vertebral column

Vertebra, vertebra, has a body, an arc and processes. Vertebral body, corpus vertebrae (vertebralis), represents the anterior thickened part of the vertebra. From above and below, it is limited by surfaces facing, respectively, the above- and underlying vertebrae, in front and from the sides - by a somewhat concave surface, and behind - by a flattened one. On the body of the vertebra, especially on its back surface, there are many nutritional holes, foramina nutricia, - traces of the passage of vessels and nerves into the substance of the bone. The vertebral bodies are interconnected by intervertebral discs (cartilages) and form a very flexible column - the spinal column, columna vertebralis .

vertebral arch, arcus vertebra (vertebralis), limits the back and sides of the vertebral foramen, foramen vertebrates; located one above the other, the holes form the spinal canal, canalis vertebralis in which the spinal cord is located. From the posterolateral faces of the vertebral body, the arch begins with a narrowed segment - this is the pedicle of the vertebral arch, pediculus arcus vertebrae, vertebralis, passing into the plate of the vertebral arch, lamina arcus vertebrae (vertebralis). On the upper and lower surfaces of the leg there is an upper vertebral notch, incisura vertebralis superior, and lower vertebral notch, incisura vertebralis inferior. The upper notch of one vertebra, adjacent to the lower notch of the upper vertebra, forms the intervertebral foramen ( foramen intervertebrale) for the passage of the spinal nerve and blood vessels.

processes of the vertebrae, processus vertebrae, seven in number, protrude on the vertebral arch. One of them, unpaired, is directed from the middle of the arc posteriorly - this is the spinous process, processus spinosus. The remaining processes are paired. One pair - superior articular processes, , is located on the side of the upper surface of the arc, the other pair is the lower articular processes, processus articularis inferiores, protrudes from the side of the lower surface of the arc and the third pair - transverse processes, processus transversi, departs from the side surfaces of the arc.

The articular processes have articular surfaces, facies articulares. On these surfaces, each overlying vertebra articulates with the underlying one.

The cervical vertebrae are distinguished in the spinal column, vertebrae cervicales, (7), thoracic vertebrae, vertebrae thoracicae, (12), lumbar vertebrae, vertebrae lumbales, (5), sacrum, os sacrum, (5) and coccyx, os coccygis, (4 or 5 vertebrae).

The vertebral column of an adult forms four bends in the sagittal plane, curvaturae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar (abdominal) and sacral (pelvic). In this case, the cervical and lumbar curves are convexly facing anteriorly (lordosis), and the thoracic and pelvic curves are posteriorly (kyphosis).

All vertebrae are divided into two groups: the so-called true and false vertebrae. The first group includes the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the second group includes the sacral vertebrae fused into the sacrum, and the coccygeal vertebrae fused into the coccyx.

Cervical vertebrae, vertebrae cervicales, number 7, with the exception of the first two, are characterized by small low bodies, gradually expanding towards the last VII, call. The upper surface of the body is slightly concave from right to left, while the lower surface is concave from front to back. On the upper surface of the bodies III - VI of the cervical vertebrae, the lateral edges noticeably rise, forming a hook of the body, uncus corporis, .

vertebral foramen, foramen vertebrates, wide, close in shape to triangular.

articular processes, processus articulares, relatively short, stand obliquely, their articular surfaces are flat or slightly convex.

spinous processes, processus spinosi, from II before VII vertebra gradually increase in length. Before VI of the vertebra inclusive, they are split at the ends and have a slightly pronounced downward slope.

transverse processes, processus transversi, short and directed to the sides. A deep groove of the spinal nerve runs along the upper surface of each process, sulcus nervi spinalis, - a trace of the attachment of the cervical nerve. It separates the anterior and posterior tubercles, tuberculum anterius and tuberculum posterius located at the end of the transverse process.

On VI in the cervical vertebrae, the anterior tubercle is developed. Ahead and close to it is the common carotid artery, a.carotis communis, which, during bleeding, is pressed against this tubercle; hence the tubercle got the name sleepy, tuberculum caroticum.

In the cervical vertebrae, the transverse process is formed by two processes. The anterior of them is a rudiment of the rib, the posterior is the actual transverse process. Both processes together limit the opening of the transverse process, foramen processus transversi, through which the vertebral artery, vein and accompanying sympathetic nerve plexus pass, in connection with which this hole is also called the vertebral arterial, foramen vertebra arteriale.

From general type cervical vertebrae are different CI- atlas, atlas, II- axial vertebra, axis, And CVI- protruding vertebrae vertebra prominens.

First ( I) cervical vertebra - atlas, atlas, does not have a body and spinous process, but is a ring formed from two arcs - anterior and posterior, arcus anterior and arcus posterior, interconnected by two more developed parts - lateral masses, Massae laterales. Each of them has an oval concave upper articular surface on top, facies articularis superior, - the place of articulation with the occipital bone, and from below an almost flat lower articular surface, facies articularis inferior articulated with II cervical vertebra.

front arch, arcus anterior, has an anterior tubercle on its anterior surface, tuberculum anterius, on the back - a small articular platform - the fossa of the tooth, fovea dentis articulated with the tooth II cervical vertebra.

back arch, arcus posterior, in place of the spinous process has a posterior tubercle, tuberculum posterius. On the upper surface of the posterior arch passes the groove of the vertebral artery, sulcus arteriae vertebralis, which sometimes turns into a channel.

Second ( II) cervical vertebra, or axial vertebra, axis, has a tooth going up from the vertebral body, dens, which ends at the top, apex. Bo the circle of this tooth, as around an axis, rotates the atlas together with the skull.

On the front surface of the tooth there is an anterior articular surface, facies articularis anterior, with which the fossa of the atlas tooth articulates, on the back surface - the posterior articular surface, facies articularis posterior to which the transverse ligament of the atlas attaches, lig. transversum atlantis. The transverse processes lack the anterior and posterior tubercles and the groove of the spinal nerve.

The seventh cervical vertebra, or protruding vertebra, vertebra prominens, (CVII) is distinguished by a long and undivided spinous process, which is easily palpable through the skin, in connection with this, the vertebra is called the speaker. In addition, it has long transverse processes: its transverse openings are very small, sometimes they may be absent.

On the lower edge of the lateral surface of the body is often a facet, or costal fossa, fovea costalis, - trace of the articulation with the head I ribs.

thoracic vertebrae, vertebrae thoracicae, number 12 ( THI - ThXII), much higher and thicker than the cervical ones; the size of their bodies gradually increases towards the lumbar vertebrae.

On the posterolateral surface of the bodies there are two facets: the superior costal fossa, fovea costalis superior, and the lower costal fossa, fovea costalis inferior. The lower costal fossa of one vertebra forms a complete articular fossa with the upper costal fossa of the underlying vertebra - the place of articulation with the head of the rib.

The body is an exception. I thoracic vertebra, which has a complete costal fossa on top, articulating with the head I ribs, and from below - a half-fossa, articulating with the head II ribs. On X vertebra has one half-fovea, at the upper edge of the body; body XI And XII vertebrae have only one complete costal fossa located in the middle of each lateral surface of the vertebral body.

The arcs of the thoracic vertebrae form rounded vertebral foramina, but comparatively smaller than those of the cervical vertebrae.

The transverse process is directed outward and somewhat posteriorly and has a small costal fossa of the transverse process, fovea costalis processus transversus articulating with the tubercle of the rib.

The articular surface of the articular processes lies in the frontal plane and is directed posteriorly at the superior articular process, and anteriorly at the inferior.

The spinous processes are long, triangular, spiky and point downwards. The spinous processes of the middle thoracic vertebrae are located one above the other in a tiled manner.

The lower thoracic vertebrae are similar in shape to the lumbar vertebrae. On the posterior surface of the transverse processes XI-X II thoracic vertebrae have an accessory process, processus accessorius, and the mastoid process, processus mamillaris.

lumbar vertebrae, vertebrae lumbales, number 5( LI - LV

processus costalis processus accessorius

processus mamillaris, is a trace of muscle attachment.

lumbar vertebrae, vertebrae lumbales, number 5( LI - LV), differ from others in their massiveness. The body is bean-shaped, the arches are strongly developed, the vertebral foramen is larger than that of the thoracic vertebrae, and has an irregularly triangular shape.

Each transverse process, located in front of the articular, is elongated, compressed from front to back, goes laterally and somewhat backwards. Its major part is the costal process ( processus costalis) - represents the rudiment of the rib. On the posterior surface of the base of the costal process there is a weakly expressed accessory process, processus accessorius, is a rudiment of the transverse process.

The spinous process is short and wide, thickened and rounded at the end. The articular processes, starting from the arch, are directed posteriorly from the transverse and are located almost vertically. The articular surfaces lie in the sagittal plane, with the upper concave and facing medially, and the lower convex and directed laterally.

When two adjacent vertebrae are articulated, the upper articular processes of one vertebra laterally cover the lower articular processes of the other. On the posterior margin of the superior articular process there is a small mastoid process, processus mamillaris, is a trace of muscle attachment.

sacral vertebrae, vertebrae sacrales, number 5, fuse in an adult into a single bone - the sacrum.

Sacrum, os sacrum, sacred, has the shape of a wedge, is located under the last lumbar vertebra and participates in the formation of the posterior wall of the small pelvis. In the bone, the pelvic and dorsal surfaces, two lateral parts, the base (the wide part facing upwards) and the apex (the narrow part directed downwards) are distinguished.

The anterior surface of the sacrum is smooth, concave, facing the pelvic cavity - this is the pelvic surface, facies pelvica. It retains traces of fusion of the bodies of five sacral vertebrae in the form of four parallel transverse lines, lineae transversae. Outside of them, on each side, there are four anterior pelvic sacral openings, foramina sacralia anteriora, pelvica, (the anterior branches of the sacral spinal nerves and the vessels accompanying them pass through them).

Dorsal surface of the sacrum facies dorsalis sacri, convex in the longitudinal direction, already anterior and rough. It contains five rows of bone rows running from top to bottom, formed as a result of the fusion of the spinous, transverse and articular processes of the sacral vertebrae.

Cross crests

median sacral ridge, Crista sacralis mediana, formed from the fusion of the spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae and is represented by four tubercles located one above the other, sometimes merging into one rough ridge.

On each side of the median sacral crest, almost parallel to it, there is one weakly pronounced intermediate sacral crest, crista sacralis intermedia. The ridges were formed as a result of the fusion of the upper and lower articular processes. Outside of them is a well-defined row of tubercles - the lateral sacral crest, Crista sacralis lateralis, which is formed by the fusion of the transverse processes. Between the intermediate and lateral crests there are four posterior sacral foramens, foramina sacralia posterior, they are somewhat smaller than the corresponding anterior sacral openings (the posterior branches of the sacral nerves pass through them).

sacral canal

Along the entire length of the sacrum follows the sacral canal, canalis sacralis, curved, widened at the top and narrowed at the bottom; it is a direct continuation downwards of the spinal canal. The sacral canal communicates with the sacral foramens through the intervertebral foramens inside the bone, foramina intervertebratia.

base of the sacrum

base of the sacrum basis ossis sacri, has a transverse-oval recess - the junction with the lower surface of the body V lumbar vertebrae. The anterior edge of the base of the sacrum at the junction with V lumbar vertebra forms a protrusion - cape, promontorium strongly protruding into the pelvic cavity. From the posterior part of the base of the sacrum, the upper articular processes extend upward, processus articularis superiores, I sacral vertebra. Their articular surfaces facies articulares, directed backward and medially and articulate with the lower articular processes V lumbar vertebrae. The posterior edge of the base (arc) of the sacrum with the upper articular processes protruding above it limits the entrance to the cross capal.

Apex of the sacrum

top of the sacrum, apex ossis sacri, narrow, blunt and has a small oval platform - the junction with the upper surface of the coccyx; here the sacrococcygeal joint is formed, articulatio sacrococcygea well expressed in young people, especially in women.

Behind the apex, on the posterior surface of the sacrum, the intermediate ridges end with two small protrusions pointing down - the sacral horns, cornua sacralia. The posterior surface of the apex and the sacral horns limit the outlet of the sacral canal - the sacral fissure, Hiatus sacralis.

Upper outer sacrum

The upper outer part of the sacrum is the lateral part, pars lateralis, was formed by the fusion of the transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae.

The upper, flattened, triangular surface of the lateral part of the sacrum, the front edge of which passes into the border line, is called the sacral wing, ala sacralis.

The lateral surface of the sacrum is the articular auricular surface, facies auricularis, articulates with the same surface of the ilium.

Posterior and medial to the ear-shaped surface is the sacral tuberosity, tuberositas sacralis, - a trace of the attachment of the sacroiliac interosseous ligaments.

The sacrum in men is longer, narrower and more curved than in women.

Coccyx, os coccygis, is a bone fused in an adult from 4-5, less often from 3-6 vertebrae.

The coccyx has the shape of a curved pyramid, the base of which is turned up and the top is turned down. The vertebrae that form it have only bodies. On I coccygeal vertebra on each side are the remains of the upper articular processes in the form of small protrusions - coccygeal horns, cornua coccygea, which are directed upwards and connect to the sacral horns.

The upper surface of the coccyx is somewhat concave, connected to the top of the sacrum through the sacrococcygeal joint.

Thorax and chest bones

The thorax forms the thoracic cavity Cavitas thoracis, which has the shape of a truncated cone, turned with a wide base downwards, and a truncated top - upwards. In the chest, there are anterior, posterior and lateral walls, an upper and lower opening, which limit the chest cavity.

The anterior wall is shorter than the other walls, formed by the sternum and cartilages of the ribs. Located obliquely, it protrudes more anteriorly with its lower sections than with its upper ones. The back wall is longer than the front, formed by the thoracic vertebrae and parts of the ribs from the heads to the corners; its direction is almost vertical.

On the outer surface of the posterior wall of the chest, between the spinous processes of the vertebrae and the corners of the ribs, two grooves are formed on both sides - the dorsal grooves: deep back muscles lie in them. On the inner surface of the chest, between the protruding vertebral bodies and the corners of the ribs, two grooves are also formed - pulmonary grooves, sulci pulmonales; they are adjacent to the vertebral part of the costal surface of the lungs.

The side walls are longer than the anterior and posterior, formed by the bodies of the ribs and are more or less convex.

The spaces bounded above and below by two adjacent ribs, in front - by the lateral edge of the sternum and behind - by the vertebrae, are called intercostal spaces, spatia intercostalia; they are made by ligaments, intercostal muscles and membranes.

Rib cage, compages thoracis, bounded by the indicated walls, has two holes - upper and lower, which begin with apertures.

superior thoracic aperture, Apertura thoracis superior less than the bottom, limited in front by the upper edge of the handle, from the sides - by the first ribs and behind - by the body I thoracic vertebra. It has a transverse-oval shape and is located in a plane inclined from back to front and downwards. The upper edge of the manubrium of the sternum is at the level of the gap between II And III thoracic vertebrae.

inferior thoracic aperture, apertura thoracis inferior, limited in front by the xiphoid process and the costal arch formed by the cartilaginous ends of the false ribs, from the sides by the free ends XI And XII ribs and bottom edges XII ribs, behind - body XII thoracic vertebra.

costal arch, arcus costalis, at the xiphoid process forms a substernal angle open from top to bottom, angulus infrasternalis.

The shape of the chest is different for different people (flat, cylindrical or conical). In persons with a narrow chest, the infrasternal angle is sharper and the intercostal space is wider, and the chest itself is longer than in persons with a wide chest. The chest in men is longer, wider and more cone-shaped than in women.

The shape of the chest also depends on age.

ribs, costae, 12 pairs, - narrow, curved bone plates of various lengths, symmetrically located on the sides of the thoracic spine.

In each rib, a longer bony part of the rib is distinguished, os costale, short cartilage - costal cartilage, cartilago co stalis, and two ends - the anterior, facing the sternum, and the posterior, facing the spinal column.
Bony part of the rib

The bony part of the rib has a head, neck and body. rib head, caput costae, located at its vertebral end. It has an articular surface of the head of the rib, facies articularis capitis costae. This surface on II-X the ribs are separated by a horizontally running crest of the rib head, Crista capitis costae, into the upper, smaller, and lower, larger, parts, each of which, respectively, articulates with the costal fossae of two adjacent vertebrae.

rib neck, collum costae, - the most narrowed and rounded part of the rib, bears the crest of the neck of the rib on the upper edge, crista colli costae, (I And XII the edges of this ridge do not have).

On the border with the body, 10 upper pairs of ribs on the neck have a small tubercle of the rib, tuberculum costae, on which the articular surface of the tubercle of the rib is located, facies articularis tuberculi costae, articulating with the transverse costal fossa of the corresponding vertebra.

A costal-transverse foramen is formed between the posterior surface of the rib neck and the anterior surface of the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra, foramen costotransversarium.

rib body, corpus costae, extending from the tubercle to the sternal end of the rib, is the longest section of the bony part of the rib. At some distance from the tubercle, the body of the rib, strongly curving, forms an angle of the rib, angulus costae. At I ribs, it coincides with the tubercle, and on the remaining ribs, the distance between these formations increases (up to XI ribs); body XII does not form an edge. Throughout the body of the rib is flattened. This makes it possible to distinguish two surfaces in it: the inner, concave, and the outer, convex, and two edges: the upper, rounded, and the lower, sharp. On the inner surface along the lower edge there is a groove of the rib, Sulcus costae where the intercostal artery, vein and nerve lie. The edges of the ribs describe a spiral, so the rib is twisted around its long axis.

At the anterior sternal end of the bone part of the rib there is a fossa with a slight roughness; the costal cartilage is attached to it.

Costal cartilages

costal cartilage, cartilagines costales, (there are also 12 pairs of them), are a continuation of the bone parts of the ribs. From I before II ribs they gradually lengthen and connect directly to the sternum. The top 7 pairs of ribs are true ribs, costae verae, the lower 5 pairs of edges are false edges, costae spuriae, aXI And XII ribs - oscillating ribs, costae fluitantes. cartilage VIII, IX And X ribs do not fit directly to the sternum, but each of them joins the cartilage of the overlying rib. cartilage XI And XII ribs (sometimes X) do not reach the sternum and with their cartilaginous ends lie freely in the muscles of the abdominal wall.
Features of the first and last pairs of ribs

Some features have two first and two last pairs of edges. first rib, costa prima (I), shorter, but wider than the rest, has almost horizontal upper and lower surfaces (instead of the outer and inner surfaces of other ribs). On the upper surface of the rib, in the anterior section, there is a tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle, tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris. Outside and behind the tubercle lies a shallow groove of the subclavian artery, Sulcus a. subclaviae, (trace of the artery of the same name lying here, a. subclavia, posterior to which there is a slight roughness (the place of attachment of the middle scalene muscle, m. scalenus medius. Anteriorly and medially from the tubercle there is a weakly expressed groove of the subclavian vein, Sulcus v. subclaviae. Articular surface of the head I ribs not separated by a ridge; the neck is long and thin; the costal angle coincides with the tubercle of the rib.

second rib, costa secunda (II)), has roughness on the outer surface - tuberosity of the serratus anterior muscle, tuberositas m. serrati anterioris, (place of attachment of the tooth of the specified muscle).

Eleventh and twelfth ribs costa II and costa XII, have articular surfaces of the head not separated by a ridge. On XI edge angle, neck, tubercle and costal groove are weakly expressed, and on III they are missing.

1. Vertebral column, columna vertebralis. Rice. A. la. Vertebra, vertebra.
2. Vertebral canal, canalis vertebralis. Formed by vertebral foramina. Contains the spinal cord. Rice. B.
3. Vertebral body, corpus vertebrae (vertebrale). Rice. B, C, D. For. Intervertebral surface, fades intervertebralis. The surface of the vertebral body facing the adjacent vertebra. Rice. B. 36. Ring apophysis (epiphysis), apophysis anularis. Bone protrusion in the form of a ring located on the upper and lower surfaces of the vertebral body. It is a secondary ossification center. Rice. B.
4. Vertebral arch, arcus vertebrae (vertebralis). Limits the vertebral foramen from behind and from the sides. Rice. V, G.
5. Vertebral pedicle, pedieulus arcus vertebrae. Part of the arc between the body and the transverse process. Rice. B, G.
6. Plate of the vertebral arch, lamina arcus vertebrae (vertebralis). Part of the arc between the transverse and spinous processes. Rice. B. 6a. Neurocentral connection neurocentralis. It is located between the centers of ossification in the neural arches and the vertebral body. It is found in fetuses and young children. Rice. G.
7. intervertebral foramen, foramen intervertebral. Limited by the superior and inferior vertebral notches, vertebral body, and intervertebral disc. Contains the spinal nerve and small vessels. Rice. A, B.
8. Upper vertebral notch, incisura vertebralis superior. Notch on the upper edge of the pedicle of the vertebral arch. Rice. B.
9. Lower vertebral notch, incisura vertebralis inferior. Notch on the lower edge of the pedicle of the vertebral arch. Rice. B.
10. Vertebral foramen, foramen vertebrate. Limited by the arch and body of the vertebra. The openings of all vertebrae make up the spinal canal. Rice. V, G.
11. Spinous process, processus spinosus. In 2 - 4 cervical vertebrae, the spinous processes are bifurcated. Rice. B, C, G.
12. Transverse process, processus transversa. Rhys E.
13. Costal process, processus costalis. Transverse process of the lumbar vertebra. An analogue of a rudimentary rib. Rice. G.
14. Superior articular process, processus articularis (zygapophysis) superior. Located on the arch of the vertebra, directed upwards. Rice. B, C, G.
15. Lower articular process, processus articularis (zygapophysis) inferior. It is located on the arch of the vertebra and directed downward. Rice. B, V.
16. Cervical vertebrae, vertebrae cervicales. The cervical spine consists of seven vertebrae (C1-C7). Rice. A.
17. Body hook, uncus corporis. An upwardly directed uncinate process located along the lateral margin of the cervical vertebral bodies. Bone proliferation at this site can cause compression of the spinal nerve. Rice. IN.
18. The opening of the transverse process, foramen tram. ersarium. Located in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. Contains the vertebral artery and vein. Rice. IN.
19. Anterior tubercle, tuberculum anterius. Elevation on the transverse processes of C2-7, directed forward, which serves as the site of attachment of the mouse. Rice. IN.
20. Posterior tubercle, tuberculum posterius. Elevation on the transverse processes of C2-7, directed backwards, which serves as a site of muscle attachment. Rice. IN.
21. Sleepy tubercle, tuberculum caroticum. Anterior tubercle Sat. Rice. A.
22. Furrow of the spinal nerve, sulcus n. spinalis. It is located on the transverse processes of SZ-7. It contains the spinal nerve. Rice. IN.
23. The protruding vertebra, vertebra prominens (SP). The seventh cervical vertebra, which has the longest spinous process (in 70% of cases). Rice. A.
24. Thoracic vertebrae, vertebrae thoracicae. The composition of the thoracic spine includes twelve vertebrae (T1 - 12). Rice. A.
25. Superior costal fossa, fovea costalis superior. It is located on the vertebral body above the crus of the arch. Serves for articulation with the head of the rib. Rice. B.
26. Lower costal fossa, fovea costalis inferior. It is located on the vertebral body below the crus of the arch. Serves for articulation with the head of the rib. Rice. B.
27. Costal fossa of the transverse process, fovea costalis processus transversi. Articular surface for articulation with the tubercle of the rib, located on the transverse process of the vertebra. Rice. B.
28. Lumbar vertebrae, vertebrae lumbales (lumbares). The lumbar spine consists of five vertebrae (L1 - 5). Rice. A.
29. Accessory process, processus accessorius (vertebrarum lumbalium). Rudiment of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae. It departs from the base of the costal process and is directed backward. Rice. G.
30. Mastoid process, processus mamillaris. Rudimentary process of the lumbar vertebrae. Departs from the posterior edge of the superior articular process and directed backwards. Rice. G.