Bull tapeworm structure and development. Stages of development of bovine tapeworm. The structure of the bull tapeworm

class of tapeworms

one of the largest human helminths, reaches a length of 10 and even 18 meters, is similar in structure to a pork tapeworm, hallmarks serve absence of hooks on the scolex and the third additional ovarian lobule in the hermaphrodite segment. In addition, in the mature segment, the uterus has significantly more lateral branches. mature segments, breaking away from the strobila, can independently crawl out of the anus and move around the body and underwear.

life cycle

final host only Human, intermediate - cattle. a sick person excretes segments and eggs in the feces, which can be eaten by livestock. develop in the intermediate host oncospheres and finns. Finns formed in the muscles get to a person when eating infected meat that is poorly cooked or fried. the eggs of the bovine tapeworm, unlike the eggs of the tapeworm, are not able to develop in the human body, therefore the finnose form is not found in it.

diagnostics

detection of adult segments in feces. porcine and bovine eggs cannot be distinguished.

Bull tapeworm is called differently unarmed tapeworm. This is due to the fact that there are no hooks on the head of the worm, while the pork (armed) tapeworm has them. Bull tapeworm is attached to the walls of the intestine only by suckers. The word "chain" comes from the word "chain". The body of the worm consists of individual segments, which makes it something like a chain.

intermediate host is cattle in which the larvae of the bull tapeworm develop.

Teniarinhoz is most common in areas where people eat undercooked beef meat ( Latin America, Africa, etc.).

The structure of the bull tapeworm

By external structure the body of an adult tapeworm consists of a head ( scolex), neck and many segments ( proglottid). New segments are formed in the neck area. As you move away from it, there are larger and more mature proglottids. "Maturity" is determined by the maturation of the eggs in the joint. At the posterior end of the worm, the proglottids break off and exit the intestine along with feces or simply crawl out.

The body length of an adult bull tapeworm varies greatly. It can reach more than 10 m, but usually less. The length of mature segments is about 2 cm. The number of segments is more than 1000. One individual lives for about 18 years.

There are 4 suckers without hooks on the scolex.

Internal structure bull tapeworm is largely characteristic of flatworms: skin-muscle sac, parenchymal tissue instead of body cavities, lack of blood and respiratory systems, hermaphroditic reproductive system, Availability excretory system composed of protonephridia. However, for tapeworms characterized by the absence of intestines and mouth opening, i.e. no digestive system at all.

The body of the worm is covered tegument, in which the outer cytoplasmic layer has outgrowths, due to which food is absorbed. Since an adult bull tapeworm lives in small intestine where the food is already digested, then digestive system he doesn't really need it.

The life cycle of the ox tapeworm includes the change of two hosts (humans and cattle) and consists of the following stages: egg → larva I ( oncosphere) → larva II ( finna) → adult.

The detached segment is outside, where it can crawl and disperse its eggs containing oncospheres.

If the egg enters the digestive tract, for example, of a cow, then the larval stage of the bovine tapeworm, the oncosphere, already formed in the egg, comes out of it. It is equipped with hooks, with which it pierces the intestinal wall and enters the circulatory or lymphatic system of the cow. With blood, oncospheres are carried through the muscles and connective tissues of the host animal. Here the oncosphere becomes Finn (finca). It can be considered the second larval stage bull chain.

In the body of a cow, a Finn can live for many years.

If a person eats undercooked beef meat containing fincas, then the heads of a young bull tapeworm unfold in his intestines. They stick to the intestinal wall, begin to feed and form segments.

In the human intestine, and its larvae develop in the body of cattle.

External structure

Height

The growth of the worm and the increase in the number of segments continue throughout its life. New segments are formed in the neck area. At first they are very small, but increase towards the posterior end of the body. The posterior segments are periodically torn off.

Cover

The cover of the bovine tapeworm is an epithelium with a cuticle, longitudinal and annular muscles are attached to them, together forming a skin-muscular sac.

Digestive system

Reproduction and life cycle

Reproduction in bovine tapeworm is sexual. Fertilization is either between segments, or self-fertilization. In each of the middle segments there are two ovaries, many testicles and a uterus in which fertilized eggs develop, which come out with the last segment of the tapeworm along with feces.

Cattle can swallow tapeworm eggs along with grass. In the stomach of the animal, microscopic larvae with hooks emerge from the eggs. With their help, the larvae penetrate into the wall of the stomach, enter the bloodstream, spread throughout the body of the animal and penetrate the muscles. Here the larva turns into a Finn - bubbles-rivers the size of a pea, inside of which the tapeworm head with a neck is hidden.

In insufficiently fried or boiled meat, tapeworm larvae remain alive. If a person eats such meat, then he becomes infected with it. Bull tapeworm emits toxic substances, from which a person develops intestinal disorders and anemia develops.

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Figure: development and structure of the bull tapeworm

Structural features of a bull tapeworm

Feeding the bovine tapeworm

Reproduction of bull tapeworm

Like most other flatworms, the tapeworm is a hermaphrodite. In each of its segments, except for the youngest ones, there is one ovary and many testes. Eggs mature only in the oldest, posterior segments. These segments come off and come out with feces.

The development of a bull tapeworm

Cattle can swallow tapeworm eggs along with grass. In the stomach of the animal, microscopic larvae with hooks emerge from the eggs. With their help, the larvae penetrate into the wall of the stomach, enter the bloodstream, spread throughout the body of the animal and penetrate the muscles. Here the six-hooked larva grows and turns into finca- a bubble the size of a pea, inside of which is a tapeworm head with a neck.
In insufficiently fried or boiled meat, tapeworm larvae remain alive. If a person eats such meat, then he becomes infected with it. Bull tapeworm emits toxic substances, from which a person develops intestinal disorders and develops anemia.

Each segment (proglottid) of the bovine tapeworm includes male and female genital organs. The head (scolex) is located in the center in the photo

Discovery history

Morphology

Proglottids. The strobila consists of a chain of proglottids (segments) that are mostly filled with eggs. New proglottids are produced at the neck and this growth pushes the more mature segments to the posterior end where they break off and thus release thousands of eggs. This process is very important in the complex life cycle this tapeworm. The tapeworm is the largest human helminth of its kind, ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 segments, which can survive in the human intestine for up to 25 years.

scolex. The tapeworm scolex is 1.5–2 mm in diameter and consists of four suckers at the anterior end of the flatworm, which are used as a means of attachment to the intestinal wall of the host. The bull tapeworm lacks hooks on the scolex, unlike its close relative pork tapeworm, which infects domestic pigs and then humans. The eggs of both types of tapeworms are indistinguishable. They have a round or oval shape, covered with a thin (about 31-43 microns), colorless shell on top.

The egg contains the larval form (oncosphere) of T. saginata, surrounded by a double-contour yellowish-brown shell, which is destroyed after the release of eggs. The oncosphere has 6 hooks.

Life cycle

1. Mature egg-filled segments (proglottids) located in the intestines of the final host (human) are excreted into environment along with feces. Each such segment contains up to 100 thousand eggs, which already contain infective larvae.
2. These proglottids are still able to mix through the grass and soil for some time, spreading eggs, which are then absorbed by large cattle(cattle) along with contaminated vegetation and enter the gastrointestinal tract of their intermediate host.
3. Enzymes and intestinal acids destroy the egg membrane and release oncospheres (larvae), which, damaging the intestinal epithelium, can be transferred throughout the body of cattle through the bloodstream. After that, the larvae penetrate the muscle tissue, the oncosphere is filled with liquid and turns into a Finn (cysticercus).
4. To complete complex cycle development, raw or poorly thermally processed beef meat must be eaten by a person (the final owner) and then get into his digestive system. Digestive enzymes destroy the cysticerci, the larval cysts are released, their inverted scolex is able to come out and attach to the intestinal walls of the host.
5. Next, the maturation of adults occurs, during which the head and neck begin to grow intensively, producing more and more new proglottids. Bull tapeworm increases in size, and within three months it is able to reach a length of up to 5 meters. After maturation, mature egg-containing proglottids separate from the tapeworm, and the life cycle restarts.

Ways of infection

Finns of bovine tapeworm enter the human body when eating raw or undercooked beef meat. From the moment of infection to the moment of formation of a sexually mature individual, an average of 2-3 months pass. Helminths can maintain their vital activity in the body of the final host for up to 25 years.

Cases of the disease are more common in adults than in children, which is explained by dietary habits. It is also noted that people working in meat-packing plants, slaughterhouses or in various food establishments (cooks) suffer from teniarhynchosis more often than others.

Geographic distribution

Signs and symptoms

Most people infected with tapeworm do not experience any symptoms unless the tapeworm grows quite large. In such situations, a person may experience a feeling of fullness and sometimes (rarely) even nausea to the point of vomiting. Worm or worms rare cases can cause acute intestinal obstruction, and individual proglottids can block the worm-like lumen, causing acute appendicitis.

In addition, with teniarhynchosis, the following can be observed:

• loss of appetite;
• weight loss;
• headache;
• general weakness;
• itching in the anus.

Often, patients become aware of an infection by finding proglottids (or a large segment of a worm) in the stool during a bowel movement. These proglottids sometimes crawl down the thighs, usually when the person is active, and produce a tickling sensation.

The presence of infection may also indicate elevated levels eosinophils and immunoglobulin E (IgE).

It should be noted that the essential difference between porcine and bovine tapeworm is that the cysticerci stage (Finn) does not occur in people with T. saginata when eggs are ingested. Therefore, infection with bovine tapeworm is less dangerous than with pork, since in the latter case, cysticerci can enter the central nervous system, eyes and other organs, developing into small subcutaneous cysts. Then they talk about cysticercosis.

Treatment and prevention

As with most cestodes, treatment involves the use of . Niclosamide is also effective in this situation.

Among folk ways getting rid of worms the most popular are pumpkin seeds and garlic-milk mixture.