Painting of Kievan Rus presentation. Presentation on the history of the Russian literary language on the topic "Painting of Ancient Rus'". Great Panagia Shire Heaven and Yaroslavskaya

Painting of Kievan Rus. The history of Russian painting actually begins with the era of Vladimir and Yaroslav, from which a number of wonderful mosaics and frescoes have come down to us. Now a little more about each of the types of painting of those times. Mosaic. Mosaic, a special kind of monumental painting, which is created from durable materials: small stones or pieces of opaque colored glass - smalt. The history of the existence of the mosaic has several millennia. The oldest mosaics were created from multi-colored clays; in Greco-Roman structures they were used for interior decoration, pebbles and various stones were used for them. The dominance of this art form. Fresco. Translated from Italian, the word "fresco" means "fresh", "raw". This is painting on a damp plastered wall with paints that are diluted with water. Drying, the lime is tightly connected to the paint layer. You can also write on dried lime plaster. Then it is moistened again, and the paints are pre-mixed with lime. They also loved the art of fresco in Rus'. Artists painted the walls of cathedrals, temples, churches. The painting of the temple began only a year after its construction. This was done so that the walls would dry well. The painting was usually started in the spring and tried to be completed within one season. Iconography The process of creating an icon is complex. The board was skillfully chosen (most often from linden). Hot fish glue (prepared from bladders and cartilage of sturgeon fish) was applied to its surface, and a new canvas-pillowcase was tightly glued. On the pillowcase, in several steps, gesso (the basis for painting) was applied, prepared from crushed chalk, water and fish glue. Levkas was dried and polished. Old Russian icon painters used natural dyes - local soft clays and hard precious stones brought from the Urals, from India, Byzantium and other places. For the preparation of paints, the stones were ground into powder, a binder was added, most often the yolk, as well as gum (water-soluble resin of acacia, plums, cherries, cherry plums). Icon painters boiled drying oil from linseed or poppy oil, which was used to cover the painting of icons. A little about the types of artistic craft... Grain. Small gold or silver balls (from 0.4 mm in diameter), which are soldered onto the ornament in jewelry. The grain creates a spectacular texture, a play of light and shadow. Bead. Pendant earring. Scan. Scan (from other Russian skat - to twist), filigree - a type of jewelry technique: an openwork or soldered on a metal background pattern made of thin gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or twisted into ropes. Filigree products are often complemented with granulation (small silver or gold balls) and enamel. Partition enamel. Kolts with images of birds on the sides of the "tree of life" and a cassock chain made of plaques for attaching kolts. Gold. Partition enamel. 12th century The work was completed by: 10th grade student Nuyanzina M.

Presentation for the lesson of the MHC 10th grade: "The Fine Art of Ancient Rusi", Contains additional information about the iconography of Jesus Christ and the Mother of God. Presentation in 2 parts. When used, you can connect.

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Fine art of Rus'. Icons, mosaic frescoes, Jesus Christ main views. (IX-XVII centuries) Andryukhina Z.A. Teacher MHK MOU "Secondary school of the village of Dubki, Saratov district of the Saratov region" "2013"

“Yesterday I saw a collection of old icons. This is true great art. I am in love with their touching simplicity, which for me is closer to Fra Angelico's paintings. In these icons, like a mystical flower, the soul of the artist is revealed. And we need to learn from them the understanding of art.” Henri Matisse, French painter and sculptor (1869-1954)

Iconographic image of Jesus Christ. Pantokrator (Almighty) Savior on the Throne Savior in Power Savior Emmanuel (God is with us) The robe of Jesus Christ: a chiton, on which from the shoulder to the bottom of the hem there is a strip - a claut - a sign of power. Over the tunic is a blue himation cloak.

Jesus Pantocrator (Almighty) In the Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv. 11th century Mosaic.

Jesus Pantokrator (Almighty) In the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior on Ilyina Street. Fresco.1378. Velikiy Novgorod.

Jesus Pantocrator (Almighty) Icon. Around 15th century.

Savior on the Throne Icon, 16th century (?). Tver.

Savior in the Force Icon. 15th century Tver.

Savior not made by hands Icon. 12th century Novgorod GTK.

Savior Emmanuel Icon 1670 Armory Chamber. "Emmanuel" - "God is with us"

Deesis Chin Deesis (Greek δεησις - petition, prayer; deisis) - an icon or a group of icons that has an image of Christ in the center (most often in the iconography of Pantokrator), and to the right and left of it, respectively, the Mother of God and John the Baptist, presented in a traditional gesture prayerful intercession (three-figured deesis). May include similar images of apostles, holy fathers, martyrs and others (multi-figure deesis).

Deesis tier Savior Emmanuel with the Archangels. Icon. 12th c. GTK.

Kyiv Church of the Tithes (989 - 996) - the first known stone temple of Kievan Rus. Prince Vladimir allocated 1/10 of his income for its maintenance - hence the name. Remains of the foundation of the Church of the Tithes. The church was destroyed during the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars

Kyiv Sophia Cathedral was built under Yaroslav the Wise. It combines Byzantine and Slavic traditions: thirteen cheerful chapters were placed on the basis of the cross-domed church. This step pyramid of St. Sophia's Cathedral resurrected the style of Russian wooden architecture Interior view of St. Sophia's Cathedral

Kyiv Golden Gate is one of the few monuments of ancient Russian defense architecture that have come down to us. This architectural masterpiece was once a powerful combat tower with the gate church of the Annunciation towering above it. The ancient masonry of the Golden Gate makes a special impression from the side of the passage. The height of the preserved walls reaches 9.5 meters. The width of the passage is 6.4 meters.

Vladimir Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. The church was built as a monument to Andrei Bogolyubsky's successful campaign against the Bulgarians. At the same time, it was a monument to the son of Prince Andrei Izyaslav, who died in this campaign. Golden Gates The rarest monument of Russian military-defensive architecture of the twelfth century. They were built in 1164, when the construction of the grandiose line of ramparts of the New City was completed.

Pereslavl Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral 1152 - 1157 Founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky In the 1830s, prominent statesmen lived and reigned in Pereslavl-Zalessky, among them Alexander Nevsky. On the oldest square of the city, not far from the Transfiguration Cathedral, there is a monument to the outstanding commander. At the beginning of the XIV century, the Principality of Pereslavl united with Moscow, since then the fate of the city has been closely connected with Moscow.

Chernigov Spaso - Transfiguration Cathedral The oldest of the temples of Kievan Rus that have survived to this day in its former appearance is not in Kyiv, but in Chernigov. Founded by order of the powerful prince Mstislav Vladimirovich in the middle of the XI century. When this Chernigov prince, the son of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, decided to erect a stone cathedral in his capital, he wished to take the Church of the Tithes as a model. Scientists believe that the cathedral was built by Constantinople masters.

Painting The most ancient are two images of St. George: one full-length (Tretyakov Gallery), the other "half-figured" (Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin). The first icon comes from the St. George Cathedral of the St. George's Monastery in Novgorod, founded in 1019 and consecrated, according to not entirely reliable evidence of the Novgorod Chronicle III, on June 29, 1140, the second, apparently, was brought to Moscow from the same cathedral. The full-length image of George was undoubtedly the main temple icon, belonging to the number of "tabletop" images, which is evidenced by its large size (2.30 x 1.42), which in no way corresponds to the shape and scale of the original altar barrier. The mighty figure of the holy warrior stood out clearly against the now lost golden background. In his right hand, George holds a spear, with his left he squeezed a sword hanging at his hip. A round shield attached to a belt can be seen from behind the shoulder.

Painting A special stylistic group is made up of three similar icons, two of which come from Novgorod. The first of them is the so-called "Ustyug Annunciation". According to the testimony of such an authoritative source as "Search for the clerk Viskovaty", the icon was taken to Moscow by order of Ivan the Terrible from the Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod. The exact time of the painting of the icon remains controversial, since it could have been written both shortly after the completion of the construction of the cathedral (1130 or 1140) and some time later. On the icon, the annunciation is given in the rarest iconographic version - with an infant entering the bosom of the Mother of God. From the hand of the "Ancient of Days" depicted in a semicircle, there is a direct beam to the bosom of the Virgin Mary. Thus, the artist showed with the utmost clarity for his time that the "immaculate conception" occurred by the will of the Almighty

Mosaic An image or a pattern made of homogeneous or different material particles - colored opaque glass blown in the form of cubes or plates, ceramic tiles and others is called a mosaic; one of the types of monumental art. St. George Oranta from St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv "As long as Oranta stands, Kyiv will stand!"

Writing in Rus' Birch bark writing. Letter from a tax collector, 11th century. A striking evidence of the widespread literacy in cities and suburbs are the so-called birch bark letters. In 1951, during archaeological excavations in Novgorod, a birch bark with well-preserved letters was removed from the ground. Since then, hundreds of birch bark letters have been introduced into scientific circulation, talking about that. That in Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk and other cities of Rus' people loved and knew how to write to each other.

Literature Nestor the Chronicler The beginning of the Laurentian Chronicle with the intro and words of Se of the Tale of Bygone Years. Chronicles are the focus of the history of Ancient Rus', its ideology, understanding of its place in world history; they are one of the most important monuments of both writing, and literature, and history, and culture in general. Chronicles, according to the observations of scientists, appeared in Rus' shortly after the introduction of Christianity. The first chronicle was probably compiled at the end of the 10th century. The Chronicle of Bygone Years was compiled in the first decade of the 12th century.

The legend of Boris and Gleb is a monument of ancient Russian literature dedicated to the history of the murder of Saints Boris and Gleb. The legend was written in the middle of the XI century in the last years of the reign of Yaroslav the Wise. Later, the Legend was supplemented by a description of the miracles of the saints (“The Legend of Miracles”), written in succession by three authors over the years. In this form, the text of the monument is contained in the oldest known copy in the Assumption Collection of the late 12th and early 13th centuries. In total, the "Tale of Boris and Gleb" has been preserved in more than 170 lists. The author of the Tale, based on the research of Metropolitan Macarius and M.P. Pogodin, is considered to be Jacob Chernorizets. There is another version of the origin of the Tale: in the 1080s, Nestor the Chronicler compiled a "Reading about Boris and Gleb" and on the basis of it and the chronicle story after 1115 the text of the Tale was written, which initially included stories about miracles. Old Russian literature of Boris and Gleb of the 11th century Yaroslav the Wise Macarius M. P. PogodinIakov Chernorizetsa1080s by Nestor the ChroniclerReading about Boris and Gleb1115

"Instruction of Vladimir Monomakh" (in some sources "Instruction of Vladimir Vsevolodovich", "Testament of Vladimir Monomakh to children", "Instruction to children" is a literary monument of the XI-XII centuries (the date is debatable), written by the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir Monomakh. This work is called the first secular sermon Three works of Vladimir Monomakh have come down to us. The first "Instruction", the second story about "ways and catches" (autobiography), the third letter to his cousin Oleg Svetoslavovich. With "Instruction" in Russian literature, the tradition of discussing the ethical issues of Vladimir Monomakh in the 1920s began with the Grand Duke preaching a story about "ways and catches"

"The Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener", a monument of ancient Russian literature of the 13th century. Written in the form of a letter to the Pereyaslav-Suzdal prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. The author, in need, asks the prince for help, portrays him as a defender of his subjects. Some researchers consider "Prayer ..." the first experience of ancient Russian aristocratic journalism. The style of "Prayer..." is characterized by a combination of quotations from biblical books, annals and other literary works with images of lively speech, elements of satire directed against the boyars and the clergy. Apparently, "Prayer ..." was written on the basis of "The Word of Daniel the Sharpener" (12th century), but the questions of the chronological and literary correlation of both texts, as well as the question of their authorship, have not been resolved by science.

Literature A Word about Igor's Campaign The manuscript of the "Word" was discovered in the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery (Yaroslavl) by one of the most famous and successful collectors of written and material monuments of Russian antiquity - Count AI Musin-Pushkin (gg). The original manuscript of the Lay perished in the fire of the Moscow fire of 1812, which gave skeptics reason to doubt the authenticity of the work. Thanks to the efforts of scientists for almost two hundred years, the original text of the monument has been almost restored and carefully commented on.

Literature Russian truth of the XI century. In an effort to establish order and legality in the Russian lands, Yaroslav at the beginning of his reign put into effect the first written code of laws in Rus', "Russian Truth". It was based on old traditions, the oral "Russian Law", which is mentioned in the treaties of Rus' with Byzantium.

Books of ancient Rus' In ancient Rus' and the Muscovite state, wooden boards - covers - served as binding for books. The boards were covered with leather, on which ornamental drawings, and sometimes complex multi-figure compositions, were imprinted with hot metal stamps. For example, the bookbinders of the Moscow Printing House put their "brand name" - a stamp depicting a battle between a lion and a unicorn, which is enclosed in a circular inscription. Sometimes gilding was applied to the embossed drawings. To prevent the image from being erased, copper convex circles - "bugs" were inserted into the lids. In addition, the binding was sometimes decorated with "squares" and "middle" - metal plates in the center and at the corners of the boards. They most often depicted the crucified Christ and the evangelists. Each book had copper, less often - silver clasps, or pegs, on which belt loops were thrown.

Books of ancient Rus' The main ornamental decoration of a medieval handwritten book was, as a rule, a headband. During the XII-XIX centuries. Russian book writers and painters developed several successively replacing each other (and at times competing with each other) ornamental styles. The oldest of them was the old Byzantine style, which dominated in the 11th-13th centuries: solemn, even somewhat heavy, with an abundance of gold paint. Another characteristic feature of this style was strict geometrism and regularity of forms.

Jewelery Techniques A bracelet depicting fantastic animals Another favorite technique of ancient Russian jewelers was blackening, which, according to some scholars, was a Khazar heritage. Niello was a complex alloy of tin, copper, silver, sulfur and other constituents. Applied on a silver surface, the niello created a background for a convex image. Especially often, blackening was used to decorate folding bracelets - bracers.

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Lesson Objectives:

Get acquainted with the masterpieces of ancient Russian painting and architecture Learn about the genres of art Learn the names of famous ancient Russian icon painters

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Mosaic

Mosaic is a monumental painting using multi-colored pieces of mica. Byzantine churches and ancient Russian churches, for example, Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, were decorated with mosaic panels. In the altar part of the temple, a mosaic of the 11th century "Our Lady" has been preserved. In connection with the raids of nomads, this art was lost. Interior of the Kyiv Sofia Mosaic of the Altar of Kyiv Sofia

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frescoes

Peter of Alexandria. Fresco of the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa in Novgorod. 1199 Painting with vegetable paints on wet plaster

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Icons

Easel painting, performed on boards with egg paints. Icon painting was nowhere as popular as in Rus'.

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Iconostasis - icons gathered in rows - ranks - that cover the altar. The ranks of the iconostasis.

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Our Lady of Oranta (Omen)

Especially in Rus' they loved to portray the Mother of God. There were different types of images: Oranta, Tenderness, Hodegetria, Three-Handed and Panagia

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Our Lady of the Sign of Tsarskoye Selo

The Sign, or Oranta, was depicted to the waist, with her arms spread apart. Jesus was depicted in the center of the icon.

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Hodegetria Sinai

The Hodegetria was also depicted waist-deep. She holds a baby in her arms and points to him with her hand.

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Our Lady of Korsun and Don. Face tenderness