24.11.2020
Engaged topic simple machines. Methodological development of an English lesson on the topic "Machines and work" (3rd year)
Or. However, some of the most important and useful machines are quite simple. In fact, scientists even call them simple machines!
So what is a simple machine? Is it a machine that does a simple , such as addition or ? Maybe it"s just a machine that"s really easy to operate, like an old television remote control? Or could it be any machine that makes life easier?
While simple machines do make our lives easier, they"re much older than either television remotes or calculators. Simple machines are some of the first machines ever created.
Since the earliest human beings walked on Earth, they looked for ways to make the everyday life easier to accomplish. Over time, they did this by inventing what has become known as the six simple machines.
Wedges are moving inclined planes used to lift or separate. Wedges are usually used to cut, tear, or break an object into pieces. Common wedges include knives, axes, saws, scissors, and shovels. However, wedges can also be used to hold things in place, such as in the case of staples, nails, shims, or doorstops.
A is a twisted version of an inclined plane. It allows movement to be translated into an up or down motion that takes up less space. Screws can also help hold things together. Common examples of screws include jar lids, drills, light bulbs, and bottle caps.
These six simple machines are all around us. Often more machines, also called machines, consist of one or more of the simple machines put together. Can you imagine how much easier life became after the invention of these simple machines?
Six simple machines for transforming energy into work.The
An inclined plane consists of a sloping surface; it is used for raising heavy bodies. The plane offers a in that the force required to move an object up the incline is less than the being raised (discounting ). The steeper the slope, or incline, the more nearly the required force approaches the actual weight. Expressed mathematically, the force F required to move a block D up an inclined plane without friction is equal to its weight W times the sine of the angle the inclined plane makes with the horizontal (θ). The equation is F = W sin θ.
The principle of the inclined plane is used widely—for example, in ramps and switchback roads, where a small force acting for a distance along a slope can do a large amount of work.
The
A lever is a bar or board that rests on a support called a fulcrum. A downward force exerted on one end of the lever can be transferred and increased in an upward direction at the other end, allowing a small force to lift a heavy weight.
All early people used the lever in some form, for example, for moving heavy stones or as digging sticks for land cultivation. The principle of the lever was used in the swape, or , a long lever pivoted near one end with a platform or water container hanging from the short arm and counterweights attached to the long arm. A man could lift several times his own weight by pulling down on the long arm. This device is said to have been used in Egypt and India for raising water and lifting soldiers over battlements as early as 1500 bce .
The
A wedge is an object that tapers to a thin edge. Pushing the wedge in one direction creates a force in a sideways direction. It is usually made of metal or wood and is used for splitting, lifting, or tightening, as in securing a hammer head onto its handle.
The wedge was used in prehistoric times to split logs and rocks; an is also a wedge, as are the teeth on a saw. In terms of its mechanical function, the screw may be thought of as a wedge wrapped around a cylinder.
The
A wheel and axle is made up of a circular frame (the wheel) that revolves on a shaft or rod (the axle). In its earliest form it was probably used for raising weights or water buckets from wells.
Its principle of operation is best explained by way of a device with a large and a small gear attached to the same shaft. The tendency of a force, F, applied at the radius R on the large gear to turn the shaft is sufficient to overcome the larger force W at the radius r on the small gear. The force amplification, or , is equal to the ratio of the two forces ( W:F) and also equal to the ratio of the radii of the two gears ( R:r).
If the large and small gears are replaced with large- and small-diameter drums that are wrapped with ropes, the wheel and axle becomes capable of raising weights. The weight being lifted is attached to the rope on the small drum, and the operator pulls the rope on the large drum. In this arrangement the mechanical advantage is the radius of the large drum divided by the radius of the small drum. An increase in the mechanical advantage can be obtained by using a small drum with two radii, r 1 and r 2, and a pulley block. When a force is applied to the large drum, the rope on the small drum winds onto D and off of d.
A measure of the force amplification available with the pulley-and-rope system is the velocity ratio, or the ratio of the at which the force is applied to the rope ( V F) to the velocity at which the weight is raised ( V W). This ratio is equal to twice the radius of the large drum divided by the difference in the radii of the smaller drums D and d. Expressed mathematically, the equation is V F /V W = 2R/(r 2 - r 1). The actual mechanical advantage W/F is less than this velocity ratio, depending on friction. A very large mechanical advantage may be obtained with this arrangement by making the two smaller drums D and d of nearly equal radius.
And began to be called YaBB SE.
As YaBB SE developed, it became more and more, and by that time there were some aspects that required reworking and improving the project. It was decided that it was best to separate from YaBB SE, because it was something different than YaBB. The most correct decision was to abandon everything that had been developed and start all over again. This is where development began SMF.
The first version was released on September 29, 2003 SMF 1.0 beta1, which was distributed only to the group Charter Member. This was a big disadvantage, since the forum could only be used by a limited circle of people who were part of this group. The first public release was released on March 10, 2004 SMF. Web forums based on SMF 1.1: ami.lv and no less popular iratbildes.lv.
SMF was created as a replacement for an online forum YaBB SE, which has gained a bad reputation due to the problems of its counterpart developed in Perl with a similar name - YaBB.
First versions YaBB were known for performance issues and were resource intensive. YaBB SE was written as an example PHP-port YaBB, but at the same time it was less demanding on resources and even free of security problems.
SMF started as a small project of one of the developers YaBB SE, and in order to expand the capabilities of templates YaBB SE. Since then, the project has gradually expanded: adding general functionality “ordered” by users, solving performance problems and security issues.
Version 2.0 of the forum was announced on April 8, 2007. A public beta release was released on March 17, 2008. The main innovations include:
- Database abstraction: support planned PostgreSQL And SQLite.
- Moderation Center, which combines all moderation functions for all moderators, and also allows pre-moderation of topics, messages and attachments, if necessary.
- User warning system
- Additional management of user groups such as moderators, as well as free and on-demand groups.
- Support OpenID. Possibility to use OpenID-account for registering and logging into the forum.
- Additional fields in user profiles.
- WYSIWYG-editor to provide an intuitive user interface.
- Task Manager and Message Queuing System
The project's source code is available in the public repository at GitHub github.com/SimpleMachines/SMF2.1
License
SMF 1.0 and 1.1 are published under a proprietary license. While open source, redistribution and/or distribution of modified components is limited to authorized entities.
Simple Machines Forum versions 2.0 and 2.1 under the BSD 3-p license. It is also open source with modified code redistributed based on BSD requirements.
Localization
SMF Team
More than 50 people work on SMF, including:
- 3 managers
- 6 developers
- 3 documenters
Team motto: “Small, proud, passionate!” (The few, the proud, the geeky! (English))
see also
Write a review about the article "Simple Machines Forum"
Notes
Literature
- Phil Hughes(English) // Linux Journal. - 2008. - March 4.
Links
- - official website of Simple Machines Forum (English)
- (Russian)
- (Russian)
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An excerpt characterizing the Simple Machines Forum
On guardianship matters of the Ryazan estate, Prince Andrei had to see the district leader. The leader was Count Ilya Andreich Rostov, and Prince Andrei went to see him in mid-May.It was already a hot period of spring. The forest was already completely dressed, there was dust and it was so hot that driving past the water, I wanted to swim.
Prince Andrei, gloomy and preoccupied with considerations about what and what he needed to ask the leader about matters, drove up the garden alley to the Rostovs’ Otradnensky house. To the right, from behind the trees, he heard a woman's cheerful cry, and saw a crowd of girls running towards his stroller. Ahead of the others, a black-haired, very thin, strangely thin, black-eyed girl in a yellow cotton dress, tied with a white handkerchief, from under which strands of combed hair were escaping, ran up to the carriage. The girl screamed something, but recognizing the stranger, without looking at him, she ran back laughing.
Prince Andrei suddenly felt pain from something. The day was so good, the sun was so bright, everything around was so cheerful; and this thin and pretty girl did not know and did not want to know about his existence and was content and happy with some kind of separate, certainly stupid, but cheerful and happy life. “Why is she so happy? what is she thinking about! Not about the military regulations, not about the structure of the Ryazan quitrents. What is she thinking about? And what makes her happy?” Prince Andrei involuntarily asked himself with curiosity.
Count Ilya Andreich in 1809 lived in Otradnoye still as before, that is, hosting almost the entire province, with hunts, theaters, dinners and musicians. He, like any new guest, was glad to see Prince Andrei, and almost forcibly left him to spend the night.
Throughout the boring day, during which Prince Andrei was occupied by the senior hosts and the most honorable of the guests, with whom the old count's house was full on the occasion of the approaching name day, Bolkonsky, looking several times at Natasha, who was laughing and having fun among the other young half of the company, kept asking himself: “What is she thinking about? Why is she so happy!”
In the evening, left alone in a new place, he could not fall asleep for a long time. He read, then put out the candle and lit it again. It was hot in the room with the shutters closed from the inside. He was annoyed with this stupid old man (as he called Rostov), who detained him, assuring him that the necessary papers in the city had not yet been delivered, and he was annoyed with himself for staying.
Prince Andrei stood up and went to the window to open it. As soon as he opened the shutters, moonlight, as if he had been on guard at the window for a long time waiting for it, rushed into the room. He opened the window. The night was fresh and still bright. Just in front of the window there was a row of trimmed trees, black on one side and silvery lit on the other. Under the trees there was some kind of lush, wet, curly vegetation with silvery leaves and stems here and there. Further behind the black trees there was some kind of roof shining with dew, to the right a large curly tree, with a bright white trunk and branches, and above it was an almost full moon in a bright, almost starless spring sky. Prince Andrei leaned his elbows on the window and his eyes stopped at this sky.
Prince Andrei's room was on the middle floor; They also lived in the rooms above it and did not sleep. He heard a woman talking from above.
“Just one more time,” said a female voice from above, which Prince Andrei now recognized.
- When will you sleep? - answered another voice.
- I won’t, I can’t sleep, what should I do! Well, last time...
Two female voices sang some kind of musical phrase that constituted the end of something.
- Oh, how lovely! Well, now sleep, and that's the end.
“You sleep, but I can’t,” answered the first voice approaching the window. She apparently leaned out of the window completely, because the rustling of her dress and even her breathing could be heard. Everything became quiet and petrified, like the moon and its light and shadows. Prince Andrei was also afraid to move, so as not to betray his involuntary presence.
- Sonya! Sonya! – the first voice was heard again. - Well, how can you sleep! Look what a beauty it is! Oh, how lovely! “Wake up, Sonya,” she said almost with tears in her voice. - After all, such a lovely night has never, never happened.
Sonya reluctantly answered something.
- No, look what a moon it is!... Oh, how lovely! Come here. Darling, my dear, come here. Well, do you see? So I would squat down, like this, I would grab myself under the knees - tighter, as tight as possible - you have to strain. Like this!
- Come on, you'll fall.
There was a struggle and Sonya’s dissatisfied voice: “It’s two o’clock.”
- Oh, you're just ruining everything for me. Well, go, go.
Again everything fell silent, but Prince Andrei knew that she was still sitting here, he sometimes heard quiet movements, sometimes sighs.
- Oh my god! My God! what is this! – she suddenly screamed. - Sleep like that! – and slammed the window.
“And they don’t care about my existence!” thought Prince Andrei as he listened to her conversation, for some reason expecting and fearing that she would say something about him. - “And there she is again! And how on purpose!” he thought. In his soul suddenly arose such an unexpected confusion of young thoughts and hopes, contradicting his whole life, that he, feeling unable to understand his condition, immediately fell asleep.
The next day, having said goodbye to only one count, without waiting for the ladies to leave, Prince Andrei went home.
It was already the beginning of June when Prince Andrei, returning home, again drove into that birch grove in which this old, gnarled oak had struck him so strangely and memorably. The bells rang even more muffled in the forest than a month and a half ago; everything was full, shady and dense; and the young spruces, scattered throughout the forest, did not disturb the overall beauty and, imitating the general character, were tenderly green with fluffy young shoots.
It was hot all day, a thunderstorm was gathering somewhere, but only a small cloud splashed on the dust of the road and on the succulent leaves. The left side of the forest was dark, in shadow; the right one, wet and glossy, glistened in the sun, slightly swaying in the wind. Everything was in bloom; the nightingales chattered and rolled, now close, now far away.
“Yes, here, in this forest, there was this oak tree with which we agreed,” thought Prince Andrei. “Where is he,” Prince Andrei thought again, looking at the left side of the road and without knowing it, without recognizing him, he admired the oak tree that he was looking for. The old oak tree, completely transformed, spread out like a tent of lush, dark greenery, swayed slightly, swaying slightly in the rays of the evening sun. No gnarled fingers, no sores, no old mistrust and grief - nothing was visible. Juicy, young leaves broke through the tough, hundred-year-old bark without knots, so it was impossible to believe that this old man had produced them. “Yes, this is that same oak tree,” thought Prince Andrei, and suddenly an unreasonable, spring feeling of joy and renewal came over him. All the best moments of his life suddenly came back to him at the same time. And Austerlitz with the high sky, and the dead, reproachful face of his wife, and Pierre on the ferry, and the girl excited by the beauty of the night, and this night, and the moon - and all this suddenly came to his mind.
M.V. Rudakova (Irkutsk)
Methodological development of a lesson on the topic “Machines and Work” (Machines and work)
annotation
This lesson is conducted while studying the topic: “Machines and work” with studentsIIIcourse (1 semester) in specialty110809 “Mechanization of agriculture" The lesson is developed according to the textbook Bgashev V.N., Dolmatovskaya E.Yu. English for mechanical engineering students.Students have already completed the basic stage of training in the discipline, and already have sufficient knowledge of lexical and grammatical material to study a professional English language program. The lesson is intended for the advanced stage of English language training and provides a communicative professional focus of training. On this topic, students have already studied the basic lexical and grammatical material, so the type of lesson issystematization and generalization of knowledge. All stages of the lesson are built on uniform methodological principles, develop the main types of foreign language speech activity, and form intercultural competencies of future specialists. The lesson uses communicative learning technology and collaborative learning technology, as well as critical thinking technology. To achieve this goal, cognitive methods of motivation, volitional methods (self-assessment and correction, reflection of behavior), as well as the brainstorming method are used. At the project construction stage, students are invited to use a mental map as a technique. Particular attention was paid to the study of the lexical aspect, since the student must be able to translate professional texts and communicate on professional topics; independently improve and replenish your vocabulary.
All stages of the lesson contribute to the development of speech, language and professional competence and the achievement of educational and educational goals.The subject of assessment is the skills and knowledge provided for by the Federal State Educational Standard for the disciplineEnglish language aimed at developing general and professional competencies.
Lesson topic:"Machines and Work"
Purpose of the lesson: create conditions for the development of communicative competence.
Lesson objectives:educational: to form lexical speaking skills, develop semantic reading skills (viewing, searching, studying); developing: develop memory, attention, thinking, logical thinking and linguistic guesswork, teach analysis, generalization, grouping); educational; cultivate cognitive interest in learning a foreign language, develop group work skills.
Formed competencies: OK 1. Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show sustained interest in it.
OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and take responsibility for them.
OK 4. Search and use information necessary for the effective performance of professional tasks, professional and personal development.
OK 5. Master information culture, analyze and evaluate information using information and communication technologies.
OK 6. Work in a team and team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, and consumers.
Type of lesson: systematization and generalization of knowledge.
Interdisciplinary connections: Russian language, physics, mechanics, machines, mechanisms.
Lesson equipment: textbook, projector, computer, screen, presentation, handouts, Whatman sheets, markers, magnets.
Forms of work: individual, group, frontal
Stages of the lesson. Forms of work
Contents of the lesson. Possible methods and techniques of implementation
Main types of educational activities
UUDs being formed at this stage
Teacher activities
Student activities
Stage of motivation of educational activities
Organizing time
(2 minutes.)
T. Good morning, students! I'm glad to see you. It is really fine day today, isn’t it? How are you today? What about the weather today? Is it fine? Let`s start our lesson.
The teacher welcomes students and checks their readiness for class.
Students engage in foreign language communication, responding to the teacher’s remarks, according to the communicative task.
Personal: adequate motivation for educational activities; formation of motivation to learn a foreign language; developing a positive attitude towards learning a foreign language.
Regulatory: self-assessment of readiness for the lesson.
Communicative: listen and respond to the cue appropriately to the speech situation.
Lexico-phonetic exercise
(7 min.)
Electricity, effort, motion, distance, rate, weight, horsepower, watt, kilowatt, force, work wind, water, steam, petroleum, prime mover, windmill, turbine, generator, steam engine, internal combustion engine, electric motor
The teacher invites students to pronounce words to develop pronunciation skills.
Students pronounce words which they can later use in their speech, working on pronunciation. Correlate the graphic and sound images of English words.
Regulatory: carry out self-control of correct pronunciation.
Cognitive: extract the necessary information from what you listen to.
Speech immersion
(7 min.)
T. Thank you! Great! Now, students look at the screen, here you can see the car. Let`s try to name the parts of this car and describe them using the model: This is/these are… . N+ is/are made of…
For example: this is a windscreen. The windscreen is made of glass.( Application 1 )
The teacher organizes immersion in a foreign language environment, strengthens the skills of using familiar lexical units and grammatical models.
Students, using previously studied lexical units, describe a car, naming the parts of the car and the materials from which they are made.
Communicative: listen and consciously perceive the speech of other students, correct incorrect answers.
Introduction to the topic of the lesson, communication of goals
(2 minutes.)
T. Students, as you know a machine is a device that transmits and changes force or motion into work. A machine can be very simple or very complex. Terms like work, force, and power are closely connected with machines. I think you`ll try to guess what our lesson will be about. Well, what shall we do today? Yes, you`re right, we`ll speak about machines and work. We must give the definitions of the words - work, force, power and connect them with “work” and “machines”. Is the topic interesting for you?
The teacher gives students the opportunity to independently determine the topic of the lesson, goals and what is needed for this.
Students independently determine the topic and goals of the lesson using supporting vocabulary.
Cognitive: be able to adequately, consciously and voluntarily construct a speech utterance in oral speech.
Regulatory: determine the purpose of educational activities with the help of the teacher; plan your actions to implement tasks.
II. Stage of updating basic knowledge
Lexical work
(10 min.)
T. 1) To begin with I propose you to divide the following words into three groups, those which describe: 1)basic terms of physics and mechanics; 2)energy sources; 3)mechanisms, machines. ( Application 2)
2) The following verbs are often related with basic terms of physics and mechanics. Now, students try to make up word combinations using these verbs: to produce, to transform, to supply, to result in, to exert, to set, to perform, to result from, to measure…in. Model: to transmit motion/force( Application 2)
The teacher activates familiar vocabulary and corrects students’ answers as necessary.
Students independently complete tasks using previously learned lexical units. Enter your answers into the table. Checking and correcting the completed task.
Communicative: conscious construction of speech statements, reflection.
Regulatory: study of the conditions of the educational task, discussion of solutions.
Cognitive: argumentation of your point of view.
Speaking, predicting
(4 min.)
T. Look at the screen, here you can see the terms. The task is to match each one with its correct definition.
(Appendix 3)
The teacher checks the correctness of the assignment.
Students select the corresponding definition for each term.
Brain teaser:
Cognitive: be able to analyze information.
III. Stage of independent work with self-test according to the sample
Semantic reading
(14 min.)
T. Well done. Let`s continue our lesson. Read the text “Machines and work”, try to focus on its essential facts, and choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph: 1) Prime movers 2) Definition of “machine” 3) The relationship between “work” and “force” "4) Power and its measures.
You should also find the definitions of basic terms connected with “machines” and “work”. Text A is on page 192 .
The teacher informs students about the algorithm for working on reading.
Students read the text with an understanding of the main content, match headings to paragraphs, and find definitions of basic concepts related to “work” and “machines.”
Brain teaser: develop the ability to focus, guess and logic.
Regulatory: improve semantic reading skills using lesson vocabulary.
Cognitive: develop meaningful reading; search and select the necessary information; be able to structure knowledge.
Self-test and self-assessment
(5 minutes.)
T. Time is running. Let's check your tasks.
The teacher controls how students argue their point of view and corrects their answers.
Students discuss the text they read and define basic concepts related to “work” and “machines.”
Regulatory: be able to correctly evaluate the results of your work and classmates.
Communicative: be able to listen to each other to perceive the necessary information and maintain a conversation.
Speaking. Group work
(12 min.)
T. Well, let`s go on. Now, students, we`ll have a group work. I will give you some questions about the text and you should answer them.( Application 4)
The teacher divides the students into two groups and gives questions for discussion.
Students are divided into two groups and ask questions about the text they read. Discuss questions and answers to them. Use ready-made speech materials to formulate answers.
Communicative: participate in the work of the group, exercise mutual control and mutual assistance; be active in interaction to solve common problems.
Cognitive: be able to compare and select information from the text, consciously construct a speech statement orally.
Personal: develop cooperation skills and take initiative.
IV. Project construction stage
Reading in order to extract special information (work in groups)
(15 minutes.)
T. Students, your task is to give a short report about “Machine, Work, Power”.
The teacher sets the task for the groups to prepare the message “Machine, work, force” using an active dictionary that was compiled during lexical work at the stage of updating basic knowledge. The teacher offers students a piece of Whatman paper to write their message on.
Students create a mind map using information from the text and a table (Appendix 2), They decide who will talk about what.
Communicative: participation in the work of the group: distribution of responsibilities, planning one’s part of the work, mutual control, mutual assistance; Formulation of your thoughts taking into account the educational task.
Cognitive: ability to analyze, group facts, build logical reasoning; the ability to highlight the main facts, omitting the secondary ones.
Personal: show initiative and independence, strive to improve one’s own speech culture.
Regulatory: accept and save a learning task, compare the results of your work with the results of others.
V. Stage of verification of the implementation of the constructed project
Project verification
(8 min.)
T. So, it`s time to begin to represent your projects.
The teacher determines the level of mastery of the necessary knowledge.
Students talk about the basic concepts of physics and mechanics, mechanisms and energy sources and show their relationship with machines and work. They accompany their messages with a demonstration of the project on a piece of Whatman paper (Mind Map).
Cognitive: the ability to consciously construct a speech utterance in oral form, improve speech skills.
Communicative: form your own opinion and position; argue your point of view; participate in the work of the group.
IV. Stage of reflection of educational activities in the classroom
Summing up the work
(1.5 min.)
T. Now we come to the end of the lesson. Do you remember the topic? What did we study today? What was new for you? Let’s review the new vocabularies in chain.
The teacher asks questions. Gives grades for the lesson, comments, motivates for further successful work.
Students answer the teacher's questions and express their opinions.
Regulatory: the ability to control one’s activities based on results, the ability to adequately understand the assessment of the teacher and classmates.
Personal: the ability to evaluate one’s activities; show a desire to improve your own speech culture as a whole.
Reflection
(1.5 min.)
T. Do you like our lesson? Are you in a good mood at the end of the lesson? Do you like your work today?
The teacher invites students to express their opinions about the lesson.
Students construct statements expressing opinions and answer questions from the teacher. Master forms of personal reflection. ( Appendix5)
Homework
(1 min.)
T. Your homework is the ex.26, p.203. You should fill the table.
The teacher explains what needs to be done during homework.
Students write down their homework.
conclusions
English language lesson in the third year on the topic"Machines and Work" (Machines and Work) is the activity of systematizing and summarizing knowledge on a given topic.
At the organizational stage, the teacher creates a general positive mood for the upcoming lesson and helps students organize their own learning space. At this lesson, the principles of personality-oriented, developmental learning are implemented, self-assessment and mutual assessment are carried out by students. The teacher’s activities are largely represented in the form of organizing work and helping students in various learning situations.
At the main stages of the lesson, systemic activity and communicative approaches are used. When summing up and reflecting, a discussion of students’ activities in the lesson, self- and mutual assessment of the results of work is provided, through which students master the skills of analysis, evaluation of their work and others, the ability to participate in dialogue, and speak respectfully about the activities of others.
During the lesson (along with educational ones), life-practical problems were also solved, the life experience of students was used in order to develop their cognitive activity and independence.
List of used literature
Bgashev V.N., Dolmatovskaya E.Yu. English for mechanical engineering students. M.: Astrel AST, 2013. 381 p.
Dubinina V.G.. Personality//English language. Everything for the teacher. 2014. No. 1. P.14-20.
Internet resources - Wikipedia. free encyclopedia.
Chernukhina A.E. English-Russian technical dictionary. M.:ONIX, 1997. 1026 p.
Annex 1
Let`s try to name the parts of this car and describe them using the model: This is/these are… . N+ is/are made of…
For example: this is a windscreen. The windscreen is made of glass
Bonnet – hood
Wing mirror - Side mirror
Windscreen - Windshield
Rear-view mirror - rearview mirror
Windscreen wiper - "street cleaner"
Door - door
Boot - trunk
Tire – tire
Wheel - wheel
Headlight – headlight
Bumper – bumper
License plate – numberedsign
Indicator - turn indicator
Appendix 2
1)Divide the following words into three groups, those which describe: 1)basic terms of physics and mechanics; 2)energy sources;
3)mechanisms, machines:
Electricity, effort, motion, distance, rate, weight, horsepower, watt, kilowatt, force, work wind, water, steam,
petroleum, prime mover, windmill, turbine, generator, steam engine, internal combustion engine, electric motor
2)The following verbs are often related with basic terms of physics and mechanics. Try to make up word combinations using these verbs: to produce, to transform, to supply, to result in, to exert, to set, to perform, to result from, to measure…in. Model: to transmit motion/force.
Active vocabulary
application
Nouns and combinations with the nouns
Verb combinations
1. Basic terms of physics and mechanics
electricity
effort
motion
distance
rate
weight
horsepower
watt
kilowatt
force
work
to produce electricity
to exert effort
to set in motion
to result in motion
to hold up the weight
to exert force
to produce work
to perform work
to result from
2.Energy sources
wind
water
steam
petroleum
3. Mechanisms and machines
Prime mover
windmill
turbine
generator
steam engine
internal combustion engine
electric motor
Appendix 3
Match the term with its correct definition:
Machine
the rate at which work is performed.
Prime mover
a device that uses force to accomplish something.
Force
an effort that results in motion or physical change.
Work
a machine whose input is natural source of energy.
Power
a combination of the force and the distance through which it is exerted.
Appendix 4
Questions for the first group:
What is a simple definition of a machine? What is more technical
definition? What does this definition imply?
Describe some very simple machines. Name some complex machines.
What do we call machines whose is a natural source of energy? What natural
sources of energy do you know and what machines use them?
Why aren`t electric motors prime movers?
Questions for the second group:
What is force? Give some examples of force.
What is work? How can work be expressed mathematically?
Give an example.
What is power?
How is the rate of doing work usually given in the English-
Speaking countries? Why was the term invented?
In what terms is power measured in the metric system?
Appendix 5
What do a bicycle and a car have in common? They both move using the simple machine wheel and axle. In this lesson, students learn about how this simple machine works, and will identify objects that use a wheel and axle.
Download lesson planMaterials and preparation
Related books and/or media
Key terms
- simple machine
- wheel
Learning Objectives
Students will be able to explain how the wheel and axle work as a simple machine. Students will be able to identify objects which use the wheel and axle.
Explicit Instruction/Teacher modeling
(15 minutes)- Distribute small toy cars that have wheels joined by axles to groups of students. Kick-start a discussion with some questions about the toy car mechanics, such as: How do these toy cars move? How are the wheels on each side of the car joined to each other?
- Have a student volunteer point to the rod that holds the two wheels together. Explain that the bar that joins two wheels is called an axle.
- Tell students that they will be learning about wheels and axles.
- Hold up the doorknob, explaining that it is an everyday example of a wheel and axle.
- Challenge the students to help you identify the wheel and axle in the doorknob. Listen as different students call out their guesses.
- After some speculation, tell students that the knob that turns is the wheel. The inner rod that is attached to the knob is the axle.
- Demonstrate how the wheel and axle works by turning the knob (wheel). That turns the inner rod (axle) and moves the latch, to open the door.
Guided Practice
(15 minutes)- To consolidate student thinking, set up activity stations with play dough and a rolling pin.
- Let students practice flattening the dough with the pin.
- Guide them to express these understandings: The rolling pin is a wheel and axle. When you push on the handles (the axle) the wheel turns and flattens out the dough.
- Challenge students to think of other common machines that have one wheel like the rolling pin. Great examples include a wheelbarrow, a top, and a playground merry-go-round.
Independent working time
(15 minutes)- Pass out a copy of the Wheel and Axle worksheet to each student to complete independently.
- Walk around the classroom to offer support to students who get stuck.
Differentiation
- Enrichment: Have students who need more of a challenge read a history of other simple machines, and fill out an accompanying word search.
- Support: Put students who need more support into pairs to complete the Wheel and Axle worksheet.
Assessment
(10 minutes)- Collect the worksheets that the students have filled out, and correct them using the Wheel and Axle answer sheet.
Review and closing
(5 minutes)- In summary, remind students that the rolling pin is a wheel and axle. When you push on the handles (the axle) the wheel turns and flattens out the dough.
- Challenge students to think of other common machines that have one wheel like the rolling pin, such as a wheelbarrow, top, and merry-go-round.
- Remind your class that the wheel and axle is only one of six common simple machines that help things move. For homework or additional independent work, consider encouraging students to learn more about other kinds of simple machines.
