Interjection in Russian. Interjections in Russian Teacher's introduction

Interjections- an important part of the Russian language. It is interjections that in many ways make speech richer, more expressive and richer - they allow you to convey emotions, feelings, and make descriptions more vivid and lively. The very definition of interjections sounds exactly like this - these are words and expressions that help express emotions, feelings and expressions of will, without defining them.

Interjections are neither independent nor auxiliary parts of speech and remain an isolated group. However, they can be classified according to several criteria.

Basic and additional types of classification of interjections

First of all, interjection words are usually divided into non-derivative and derivative. What does this mean?

• Derivative interjections are formed from other parts of speech and are modified forms of some words. For example, these include interjections “completely”, “tell me your mercy”, “may it be done to you”, “fathers”.
• Non-derivative interjections initially formed on their own and are not associated with any parts of speech - for example, these are “oh” and “ay”, “oh” and “ah”, “a” and “well”.

Also, interjections are usually divided according to their composition into simple, complex and compound. The meaning is very easy to understand:

• simple ones are more like sounds and consist of only one word - “oh”, “ah”, “Lord”;
• complex ones are represented by several repeated words - “oh-oh”, “well-well”, “ah-ah”;
• compounds include several different words at once and are essentially whole expressions - “damn it,” “wow,” “tell me please.”

Another classification of interjections divides them according to their meaning in speech.

• Emotional interjections - such as “ah”, “hurray”, “oh”, “what a horror” - are needed to express certain feelings and emotions.
• Incentive interjections suggest performing some action - for example, “stop”, “have mercy”, “fly” and so on.
• Etiquette words-interjections are used in speech to express gratitude, for greetings and farewells, requests - for example, “hello” and “salute”, “merci” and “thank you”, and the like.

For derived interjections, a separate classification can be distinguished by parts of speech - depending on the word by which they are formed. There are pronominal and noun interjections, verbal interjections, interjections from conjunctions, adverbs and particles.

The peculiarity of interjections is that they are not parts of a sentence, and there are no test questions for them. These words are needed solely to emotionally express any feelings.

Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, sighing heavily, people say “wow, well... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said from the intonation of the voice alone: ​​whether it was a “message” (offense or anger) or just a humorous saying (a friendly greeting).

In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous shouts, are conventional means, that is, ones that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs themselves. For example, like no other linguistic signs, interjections are associated with gestures. Thus, the Russian interjection “Na!” makes sense only when accompanied by a gesture, and some West African languages ​​have an interjection that is said at the same time as the greeting hug.

see also

Notes

Links

• Russian grammar. Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
• I. A. Sharonov. Back to interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Classification of interjections based on the expression of modality.
• E. V. Sereda. Finish the point: Interjections in youth colloquial speech.
• E. V. Sereda. Etiquette interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Unsolved problems in the study of interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Punctuation marks for interjections and interjection formations.
• E. V. Sereda. Morphology of the modern Russian language. The place of interjections in the system of parts of speech.
• I. A. Sharonov. Distinguishing between emotional interjections and modal particles.

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Interjection- this is special immutable a part of speech that does not relate to either significant parts of speech or auxiliary parts, which serves to direct expression of emotions, feelings, expressions of will, calls, without naming them.

Scientific discussion

Despite the fact that colloquial speech cannot do without interjections, this category of words is the least studied. In the course of the development of Russian linguistics, the grammatical nature interjections was understood ambiguously. Some linguists defined the interjection as a varied syntactic class worth those dividing words into parts of speech(F. I. Buslaev, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, L. M. Peshkovsky, D. N. Ushakov, G. Paul). Other linguists believed that interjections included in the system of parts of speech, But stand in it isolated. For example, F. F. Fortunatov divided all words into "full", "partial" And interjections. Interjections occupy a separate position in the classifications of parts of speech by A. A. Shakhmatov and V. V. Vinogradov.

Despite disagreements in determining the grammatical nature of interjections, most scholars note that interjections serve in speech to expressions of emotions. So, A. M. Peshkovsky called them “signs feelings, but not submissions", A. A. Shakhmatov pointed out that interjections "reveal the internal and external sensations of the speaker, as well as his expression of will."

According to V.V. Vinogradov’s definition, “in the modern Russian language, interjections constitute a living and rich layer of purely subjective speech signs that serve to express the subject’s emotional and volitional reactions to reality, for the direct emotional expression of experiences, sensations, affects, expressions of will.” Wed: Ahh, I renounced! Uh, reptile!(M. Bulgakov) – interjection ah-ah indicates the subject of speech’s guess regarding the actions of the object being evaluated, interjection at expresses a feeling of disgust, contempt that arises when communicating with a person who is a traitor, emphasizes the negative characteristics of a person.

Due to the heterogeneity of interjections, L. V. Shcherba characterized them as “an unclear and foggy category,” pointing out that their meaning “reduces to emotionality, the absence of cognitive elements.”

Modern researcher Komine Yuko, characterizing interjection utterances from the point of view of information content, noted the following:

1) interjection utterances do not contain less information than required, since they express the speaker’s attitude to already known facts; 2) they do not contain unnecessary information, because they do not present already known facts; 3) it is impossible to say in them what is considered false, since the proposition is not expressed; 4) interjection statements cannot lead away from the topic, since they are closely related to other remarks or directly to the current situation.

Interjections as words associated with the emotional sphere of the speaker, one of the means of expressing a person’s attitude to reality, have attracted the attention of researchers. Interjections were considered in different aspects. Their characteristics were studied: structural(phonetic), syntactic(N. R. Dobrushina, 1995; L. P. Karpov, 1971), morphological(A. A. Grigoryan, 1988), semantic(I. A. Sharonov, 2002), pragmatic(S. Yu. Mamushkina, 2003) and ethnocultural(A. Vezhbitskaya, 1999); their functions V speeches(A. N. Gordey, 1992) and dialogue(I. A. Blokhina, 1990). Studied specific systems interjections of individual languages ​​(A. I. Germanovich, 1966; Karlova, 1998), was carried out benchmarking interjections in different languages ​​(L. A. Kulichova, 1982; I. L. Afanasyeva, 1996). Interjections are mentioned in the works of linguists who consider such functional-semantic categories as the category of evaluation (T. V. Markelova), the category of targeting (I. D. Chaplygina), the category of gradualism (S. M. Kolesnikova).

From the point of view of semantics, interjections differ from all significant parts of speech in that they do not have a nominative function, but are original speech signs (symbols) to briefly express a person’s reaction to various events in reality or to express his demands and desires. Wed. meanings of interjections that are understandable only in context: Ay, ay,how the hut got cold! (N. Nekrasov) – regret: Ay,what a disgusting act! – censure; Ay,Pug! know she's strong / What barks at an elephant!(I. Krylov) - approval with a touch of irony; Ah ah ah!what a voice! Canary, right, canary! (N. Gogol) – admiration, etc.

Emotions can also be expressed as quality, image actions, states (Ah! Oh! Well! Alas! Shhh! Oh! Eh! Aw! and so on. – Hee hee hee yes ha ha ha! / Not afraid to know sin(A. Pushkin)).

By morphological properties of interjection immutable. From point of view syntactic The functions of interjections differ from other parts of speech. Interjections syntactically independent, those. are not members of the proposal, Although intonationally connected with sentences, to which they are adjacent or part of which they are located. Some interjections (which serve to express will) may subjugate other members of the sentence, compare: Go away! Immediately! (K. Paustovsky); ...well, really!(D. Mamin-Sibiryak).

To clarify the syntactic and morphological features of the interjection, its place in the sentence plays an important role. Yes, in fact interjection meaning are interjections found at the beginning ( preposition) or at the end (postposition) offers. Being a kind of emotional-volitional symbol, interjections in preposition communicate the subsequent content of the sentence: Uh,I don't like this priest!(M. Gorky). If the interjection is postpositive, then the meaning of the sentence becomes clearer from the previous sentence: Well, my grandmother told me for this, Oh oh(V. Bianchi).

Interjections are reserved only for spoken language. They can act as individual members of a sentence or perform the functions of intensifying particles, cf.: Tatiana – Oh! and he roars(A. Pushkin) – as a predicate; No, people don’t feel mercy: / Do good – he won't say Thank you...(A. Pushkin) – in the function of addition.

Sometimes an interjection (interjection-predicate) performs function of a subordinate clause: At that time the boss... was such a beast that at!!! (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Substantivized interjections act as subjects and objects: It thundered in the distance hooray: / The regiments saw Peter(A. Pushkin). In the role of circumstance and definition, interjections acquire the corresponding meanings: That skinny one there uh,easy to climb (wow= "very"). Interjections inside a sentence perform the function reinforcing particles, combining with words how, what: A sea of ​​arrogance oh howdoes not love! (L. Sobolev).

In the modern Russian language, the phenomenon of occasional substantivization And verbalization interjections. The occasional transition of interjections into nouns and verbs is the result of the use of interjections as the subject, object, predicate and other members of the sentence. As members of sentences, interjections acquire a nominative meaning, i.e. cease, in fact, to be interjections, and they can be replaced by nominative words, which indicates their synonymy with full-meaning words. When moving to other parts of speech, for example, substantivization, interjections can acquire the characteristics of a noun (gender, number, case).

Traditionally to the category interjections include words that act as “signs of feelings”, “emotional signals”, signals of expressions of will and calls. A. A. Shakhmatov emphasized that “the meaning of some interjections makes them similar to verbs,” and V. V. Vinogradov noted that interjections very often represent “complete statements,” “sentences,” “sentence equivalents”: Oh! God bless! etc.

Interjections are morphologically unchangeable sound complexes, which are short shouts: Oh! Oh! Wow! and so on. As a rule, as part of sentences, interjections are not syntactically related to other words And are not members of the proposal. Wed. in the texts of M. Bulgakov: Uh,what a splendor! (Days of the Turbins); Oh,scoundrels! (Notes of a young doctor). ABOUT,stupid woman! (Adam and Eve)– interjections enhance the gradual-evaluative semantics of the entire sentence/statement, while intonation and speech situation play an important role in conveying meaning.

This use is confirmed by the words of V.V. Vinogradov: “Interjections... are functionally close to modal words, with intensifying particles... In other cases, interjections, connecting with the conjunction What, expressively characterize the degree and quality of something. For example: At that time there was such a beast as the head of the province, what y!!! (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)".

By meaning The following groups of interjections are distinguished:

• 1) emotional: O, oh, oh, ah, ah, ah, uh, uh, uh, eh, hey, wow, alas, ugh, fi, fu, fie, ba, um, hmm, bravo, Lord, damn it, pipes, fathers , My God and etc.;
• 2) imperative (incentive), expressing a call or encouragement to action): hello, hey, ay, guard, chu, scat, chick etc.;
• 3) interjections associated with expression in speech etiquette standards: thank you, hello, goodbye etc.

A special group is allocated onomatopoeic words– special sound complexes that represent an imitation of living ( meow-meow, woof-woof) and inanimate ( Ding Ding etc.) nature: And screams. "Kiri-ku-ku.Reign lying on your side!"(A. Pushkin).

Scientific discussion

The classification of A. A. Shakhmatov is reflected emotional interjections with diffuse and specialized functions, as well as words serving the sphere of etiquette. For us, the thought of information content interjections, which refers to the characteristics of interjections capable of expressing certain feelings. The works of V.V. Vinogradov present a more detailed classification of interjections. He identifies 10 main semantic-grammatical categories of interjections:

• 1) primary, non-derivatives interjections that express feelings, emotions : Αx, I'm so happy for my brother...(I. Turgenev) - strong joy;
• 2) interjections, derivatives from nouns like 6atyushki! nonsense! passion! etc.: Oh, devil, it’s even chilling, how much I love you!(L. Filatov) – combination of interjections ah, devil contributes to the expression of the maximum degree of manifestation of feelings of love;
• 3) interjections, which are not so much a direct expression of emotions, moods and sensations, how much emotional characterization or condition assessment, For example: cover, kayuk, kaput– such words indicate a limit in the development of action;
• 4) interjections that express volitional expressions, impulses: get out, away, down, complete, chick, ts etc. These interjections in a certain contextual environment can perform a gradual function: Sit quietly. Shh! – interjection Shh! expresses requirement sit very quiet so you can hear every sound:
• 5) interjections that express emotional-volitional attitude to the interlocutor’s speech, reaction to it, or in which affective assessments caused by the interlocutor’s remarks are revealed: Yes, Of course, right, here’s another, by God, etc.
• 6) interjections, which are peculiar expressive sound gestures, exchanged according to social etiquette: Mercy, thank you, hello, I'm sorry and so on.;
• 7) abusive interjections: damn it, damn it and etc. - Oh, you motherfucker, how you offended a dog, you idiot! (G. Vladimov);
• 8) vocatives(vocative) interjections: Oh my God and so on. – Oh, my God, what interesting news I learn from you! (N. Gogol);
• 9) reproducing, or onomatopoeic, exclamations; bam, bang, clap etc. – We're making noise and laughing – and suddenly bang, it's over! (A. Chekhov);
• 10) interjectional verb forms: shat, fuck, ew and etc. - You just wait for the door to open and walk...(N. Gogol).

The interjections of the first group are of greatest interest, since they bring additional gradual meaning - strengthening positive/negative ratings in a specific sentence/statement.

By way of education interjections fall into two groups - antiderivatives And derivatives. The first group includes interjections consisting of one vowel sound (A! ABOUT! Uh! etc.) or from two sounds - a vowel and a consonant (Hey! Ay! Ugh! and so on.). In some cases they are used in the form combinations of two(or three) identical interjections (Ha-ha-ha! Fi-fi! etc.). Some primitive interjections are formed from three or more sounds ( Alas! Yeah! Hey! etc.). Individual primitive interjections can be joined by second person plural endings of verbs and particles (come on, screw it up, oh). The group of secondary (derivatives) consists of interjections formed from other parts of speech:

• – from nouns ( Nonsense! Trouble!):
• – verbs ( Hello! Farewell!):
• – adverb (Full!):
• – pronouns (That's the same!).

By origin interjections may be originally Russian

(Ay! Mother! etc.) and borrowed(Bravo! Hello! Kaput! Encore! Ayda! etc.). In the process of language development, certain phraseological units:My God! Fathers-lights! Case – tobacco! Damn it! and etc.

Interjections, used in statements with a “special” intonation and contextual environment, belong to the means of expressing evaluation. They are characterized by the expression of an assessment of a hidden, “shadow” nature. Evaluation as a “shadow” meaning of a statement is characterized by high emotionality. For example: But this life!.. ABOUT,how bitter she is!(F. Tyutchev) - the interjection emphasizes the bitterness of life, indicates a feeling of suffering that arose due to unbearably difficult living conditions. Interjections belong to a complex of means of expressing the periphery of the functional-semantic field of evaluation and are capable of expressing the meaning “very good/very bad”, i.e. extreme manifestations of any signs of an object, states, actions.

When considering constructions in which interjections function as an indicator of gradualism, it should be taken into account that subject graduality in them can be the speaker or a third person, object– emotions, sensations experienced by the subject of speech, as well as certain persons, objects, signs, actions evaluated by the subject.

Emotional interjections acting as graduation indicator, can be divided into several groups, based on the object of reality in which they participate in calibrating the value:

• 1) proper emotional interjections are used to emphasize the strength of the manifestation of emotions, feelings, physical sensations experienced by the subject of speech;
• 2) intellectual-emotional interjections contribute to the expression of the degree of manifestation of a sign, the intensity of the execution of an action, state, and are the reaction of the subject of speech to the act of comprehending the objects of reality.

Let's look at cases of using interjections using examples from the works of M. Bulgakov: Oh,great person! (Adam and Eve); Oh,what kind of person! (Notes of a young doctor)– interjection actualizes positive assessment and expresses a feeling of admiration and delight. Or: Oh,dear Chinese!.. Oh,Chinese!.. Oh,language! (Zoyka's apartment); Oh,which Summer... Oh,miracle! Miracle! (Crimson Island)– interjection Oh(or combination oh what, oh what) expresses a feeling of admiration, delight and surprise about the object of speech-thought, enhances the positive semantics of a noun, proper or common noun. Wed: Oh you, scammer!..Oh you, arrogant tramp!.. Oh you,what a disaster! (Don Quixote); Oh youtramp! (Ivan Vasilievich) – interjection Oh used in combination with semi-official You, performing the function intensifying particles.

Combination Oh you mainly expresses negative emotional assessment: annoyance, indignation, indignation, malice, anger. The negative properties of humans and living beings are emphasized by the combination of interjections Oh with reinforcing element to what: Oh, to what strange subject (The Master and Margarita)– the meaning of surprise, indignation, bewilderment. The use of homogeneous structures such as Oh captivity... Oh ruin... (Alexander Pushkin) enhances the negative emotional evaluation contained in nouns bondage –"compulsion, necessity"; ruin- “loss of wealth, prosperity.”

Interjections oh, ah, oh, eh, uh before the pronoun Which, adverbs how, how much used in exclamatory sentences for emphasis high degree of manifestation anything high intensity any sign: Oh, what a shame! Oh, whatboredom! These combinations are also used to emphasize the expression of admiration, surprise at the high degree of manifestation of something, the high intensity of any sign, cf.: Oh, what a beauty! = Oh, how beautiful! Components and... and... enhance the meaning of gradual assessment: Well, women too!- through combination well, really... a gradual assessment is expressed - sarcasm.

To create an emotional and expressive assessment in the structure of a nominative (evaluative-existential) sentence, we use non-derivatives interjections, irreducible combinations interjections with a particle or pronominal word. For example:

1) Uh...d-fool... (Diaboliad); 2) Oh, how lovely! (Notes on cuffs). The main member of the first sentence is expressed by an evaluative noun - stupid; interjection Uh... expresses reproach, threat. Very often, such sentences additionally convey gradual semantics, which consists in conveying degree of manifestation sign, object or gain expressed trait (negative assessment, low degree of manifestation of the trait - stupid= "stupid woman"). Reduplicated form of interjection – Ooh enhances the evaluative meaning; brings an additional shade intonation sentences, graphic and explicit phonetic (when pronounced) design – d-stupid. In the second sentence there is an interjection Oh actualizes the positive semantics contained in the combination whichlovely - lovely – "about someone something charming, enchanting."

Duplication lexemes enhances the meaning regrets, annoyance, disappointment, for example: Oh, rabble, rabble...(Alexander Pushkin) , Oh, scoundrel, scoundrel!(Crimson Island), Ah, people, people!(Dog's heart) , Ah, men, men!(Zoyka's apartment), Oh, wife, wife!(Adam and Eve); Ah, Berlioz, Berlioz!(Master and Margarita).

Sometimes the meaning of surprise, joy (or sadness) is enhanced by the use two interjections in one sentence/statement: Oh, My God,red wine! (Days of the Turbins). Some evaluative existential sentences with interjections use second and third person pronouns, which are neither subject nor address: their role is non-service and close to the function of an intensifying particle Oh that's what it isunderwear! (Don Quixote). Interjection combined with intensifying elements Oh that's what it is expresses feeling surprise.

Interjection Oh may be complicated by semi-service this, this, really, performing the function particles, For example: Oh this oneAugust! (Adam and Eve); Oh this oneMasha! (Days of the Turbins) and etc.

Often nominative sentences contain qualitative and qualitative-evaluative adjectives, which is direct quality indicator object or person, phenomenon or event, etc. For example: Ah, treacherousMoor! (Don Quixote); Oh damnabsent-mindedness! (Ivan Vasilievich) – insidious– “distinguished by deceit, prone to it”; token damn(simple) used to denote a strong manifestation of something.

The expression of positive/negative feelings through the interjection o depends on the speech situation and context: ABOUTdesired homeland!..(feeling of delight) ABOUTjoy!(ecstatic joy) (Additional Quixote); ABOUT,blissful moment, bright hour! (Crimson Island); ABOUTwonderful confirmation of evolutionary theory!.. ABOUT,selfless person! (Dog's heart); ABOUT,dear engineer! (Adam and Eve). The interjection in such syntactic constructions expresses delight, admiration qualities a specific person (often expressed by adjectives). Sometimes interjection ABOUT! used to convey surprise: ABOUT,cigarette case! Gold! (Days of the Turbins). Meaning is determined by context. Wed. with nominative sentences with negative semantics: ABOUT,unfortunate fate!.. ABOUT,my premonition!(desperately) (Adam and Eve); ABOUT,dusty days! ABOUT,stuffy nights! (Notes on cuffs);

ABOUT,vile creature! (Crimson Island)– the meaning of indignation, indignation, bitterness, regret, etc.

Interjection eh marked “colloquial” in the structure of evaluative existential sentences expresses positive and negative evaluations with additional shades of meaning (irony, contempt, disapproval, annoyance, regret, etc.; admiration, delight, etc.). Wed: Eh,Kyiv-grad, beauty,Marya Konstantinovna! (Run)– the meaning of admiration, delight is especially emphasized by the use of the word beauty– “about something very good”; Eh,trouble! (Days of the Turbins)– the meaning of regret with a touch of irony; Eh,hat! (Days of the Turbins)– the meaning of reproach, reproach; Eh,what a complication! (Master and Margarita) etc. Use of interjections eh in evaluative existential sentences with duplicated forms of the main term conveys the meaning of annoyance, regret and disappointment: Eh,money money! (Notes of a deceased person).

Interjection Ouch used in the structure of evaluative-existential sentences to express annoyance, regret, fear: Oh,fool!.. Oh, shame].. Oh, trash!(Ivan Vasilievich); Oh,horror, horror, horror! (Crimson Island)- meaning negative assessments intensifies due to the three-time use of gradual-evaluative horror- “about something ordinary in its negative qualities,” thereby conveying the meaning of strong fright, fear.

Productive use of interjections oh my god (oh my god)(with marks “obsolete.”, “colloquial.”) in sentences with graded-evaluative vocabulary. Pronoun word which (which, which) enhances the feeling of admiration and delight - God, whatyou have power!.. (Crimson Island); God, whatwords!.. God, whattype! (Ivan Vasilievich); surprise - God, whatheat!(Adam and Eve); grief - God, whatmisfortune!(Crazy Jourdain); indignation, indignation - God, whatscoundrel!(Crazy Jourdain); God, whatidiot!(Crimson Island); My God, whatterrible style!(Notes of a deceased person). In these sentences, gradual semantics is also created through the use of a qualitative adjective horrible – "causing horror", pronominal word Which; interjection My God enhances the meaning of indignation, indignation.

The analyzed sentences contain the use of interjections Jesus Christ, enhancing the meaning of surprise, bewilderment, for example: Jesus Christ...That's the fruit] (Heart of a Dog) – fruit– “about a suspicious and narrow-minded person” (colloquial, contemptuous), “about a person who causes displeasure, irritation” (dismissive); complicated particle like this reinforces the negative assessment.

Use of interjections Wow in evaluative-existential sentences realizes the meaning of surprise: Wow, what ainteresting guy! (Days of the Turbins)– pronominal word Which emphasizes a hint of irony; Wow, what a dealinteresting person! (Run) – gradual assessment is also expressed due to the intensifying component to what extent?

Interjection A usually used to express admiration: A,Poles, Poles... Ay, yay, yay!.. (Kyiv city) – additional use of interjection series Ay, yay, Yay!.. here conveys the meaning of surprise, bewilderment; to express anger, malice: A,Basurman dogs! (Bliss).

Mostly negative feelings and assessments are expressed by interjection at in the structure of evaluative-existential sentences: Uh,bedbugs!.. Uh,reptile!.. Uh,nest!.. Uh,vile city! (Run) , U... s-s-wolf! (White Guard) -, Uh,cunning, cowardly creature] (Days of the Turbins); Oohdamned hole] (The Master and Margarita)– the meaning of indignation, malice, anger. Only in combination with adjectives (or nouns) with positive semantics does this interjection convey joy or surprise: Ooh, blessed onecase] (Running), Wed: Wow, what a joy]

Interjection ugh the meaning of contempt and disgust is conveyed: Ugh,and voice how disgusting!.. Ugh,abomination! (Notes on cuffs); Ugh,neurasthenia! (Notes of a young doctor)– special intonation enhances negative evaluative semantics.

Interjections ah, fathers; Ugh; Bravo convey the meaning of regret: Ay,screw up! (Alexander Pushkin); surprise - Ba... Fathers,that's how the dog is! (Dog's heart); indignation and contempt - Ugh,fool... (Fatal eggs). And vice versa, cf.: Bravo, bravo, bravo, bravo,wonderful answer! (Cabal of holy men)– use of interjection four times Bravo – “an exclamation expressing approval, admiration” – and a qualitative adjective wonderful convey the gradational-evaluative meaning of the entire sentence.

Scientific discussion

With the syntactic use of interjections, the functional-semantic field of the category is crossed gradualism with fields assessments And denials, due to the qualitative nature of these categories. Function words play a specific role in judgments graduality indicator, intended to actualize gradual meaning in speech and the process of communication.

The question of the gradual function of Russian interjections is outlined in the works of N.V. Rogozhina and G.V. Kireeva. In particular, one of the works notes: " Interjections are one of the means of creating gradualism. Sentences with graduates designed using interjections, differ in the manifestation of gradual meaning. Interjections complement the emotional state of these structures and contribute to the implementation of the gradual function. In such proposals the role interjections comes down to strengthening the expressed meaning(sign or object) – positive/negative assessment – ​​joy, admiration, contempt, indignation, indignation, etc.: Oh, how unpleasant this is. Oh how captivating this woman is! Ugh, what disgusting! Oh, what a horror! The meaning of surprise, joy or grief is enhanced by the use of two or more interjections in one sentence: A x, my God, my God, how unhappy I am" .

Thus, at present, linguists point to the ability of interjections to enhance the feelings expressed in a statement or to emphasize the degree of manifestation of a characteristic of an object, action, state, i.e. fulfill gradual function. Shcherba L.V. See: Rogozhina N.V. Decree. Op. P. 17.

Interjections are peculiar signs indicating certain feelings. What distinguishes them from significant parts of speech is that they express emotions and expressions of will, but do not name them.

“Bah! All the faces are familiar!” - Chatsky exclaims, seeing the whole company in full force. Interjection “Bah!” expresses the surprise of the hero who, many years later, finds the same people with the same views on life and the same attitude.

Interjections - examples

Most often, interjections are morphologically unchangeable complexes of sounds, which are short cries (or screams) pronounced by a person involuntarily: ah! Ouch! O! eh! etc. It is the nature of these words that allows us to attribute their appearance in people’s speech to the earliest periods in the history of mankind, when our ancestors, having united in a certain group, decided to exchange opinions. Numerous studies by linguists indicate this.

So, Vinogradov V.V. in his fundamental work “Russian Language”, he argues that interjections, although they do not have the function of naming, have “a semantic content realized by the collective.” This means that each interjection in a given language community has a strictly defined meaning. Each interjection has its own lexical meaning and expresses a certain feeling or expression of will.

For example, the word “Tsyts!” expresses a prohibition, an order to stop something, and “wow!” - astonishment. In addition, the “antiquity” of the origin of interjections is indicated by the fact that they are not included in the system of parts of speech and there are no syntactic connections between them and other words in sentences.

Tatyana ah! And he roars. (Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”).

It is very interesting to trace the appearance of interjections in works of ancient Russian literature: in the “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh” there is a “Letter to Oleg Svyatoslavich”, which begins with the words: “O I, long-suffering and sad!” But this is the 11th century! In “The Tale of the Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky,” during the murder itself, Bogolyubsky, addressing his enemies, exclaims: “Oh, woe to you, dishonorable ones!...”. In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (translation by D.S. Likhachev), both the author of the chronicle, Prince Igor, and Yaroslavna use the same interjection “Oh!” in various situations.

And Igor said to his squad:
“Oh my squad and brothers!
It’s better to be killed..."
O Boyan, nightingale of old!
O Russian land! You're already over the hill!..
Oh, moan to the Russian Land,
Remembering the first times
And the first princes!..

Yaroslavna cries early in Putivl on her visor, saying:

“Oh wind, sail!..”

Consequently, we are dealing with quite ancient linguistic units when talking about interjections, as ancient as the first chronicles in which interjections were used. The following examples can be given.

1. By meaning, three main groups of interjections can be distinguished: emotional, imperative, interjections associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech. Let's consider them in accordance with this classification.

Emotional interjections express the speaker’s emotional reaction to what is happening or to the speech of his interlocutors, his attitude to perceived impressions and their assessment. In the story “Men” by Chekhov A.P.: “My fathers!” - Olga was amazed when they both entered the hut.” This group of interjections is the most numerous; it is accessible even to the smallest (in height and age) native speakers. A child who has barely learned to pronounce sounds will say, “Ew!” if there is an unpleasant smell; when he feels pain, he will say: “Oh!” The hero of the famous comedy “The Diamond Arm” on a narrow street in the Turkish capital had to fall and say the password: “Damn it.” This is also an emotional interjection. How often do we use the following phrase: “Ugh, I wish I could jinx it!”, where the word “ugh” is an emotional interjection. This group of interjections represents the most primitive linguistic construction.

Imperative interjections express an expression of will, a call or encouragement to action. As a rule, this is an appeal to the interlocutor with a proposal to perform this or that action, used in the imperative mood:

Here, take this (hands him a cap and cane) - Khlestakov in N.V. Gogol’s comedy “The Inspector General.”

Tsits! - Grandfather Grishak knocked. (Sholokhov M.A. “Quiet Don”).

Only the call denotes the imperative interjection “Hey!” And the interjection “well” in combination with the accusative case of the pronoun you expresses disdain and the desire to get rid of something: “Come on!” This type of impulse is used in relation to animals: kitty-kiss, chick-chick, atu, which indicates the primitiveness and some kind of primitiveness of interjections.

The third group of interjections associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech includes remarks containing generally accepted greetings, formulas of gratitude, apologies: thank you, hello, goodbye, sorry, etc.

"She ran to the gate
- Goodbye! - she shouted. (Chekhov “House with a Mezzanine”).

2. The last group of interjections is of particular interest in connection with compliance and non-compliance with the norms of speech etiquette. In everyday life, in the school environment, in virtual communication and when using mobile communications, the norms of speech etiquette are changing imperceptibly but surely.
In order to prove this, I conducted a survey among my peers - ninth graders, in which 32 people participated.

To the first question of the questionnaire, “Do you often use interjections in your speech such as “oh”, “hey”, “Lord”, “fu”, “damn it” and others?” The absolute number of respondents answered: “Often” (18 people – 56%);

The use of emotional interjections in the speech of my peers is associated with various school situations. So, I invited the guys to play up the situation of getting a good grade - such a pleasant event! How do ninth graders react to it?

In first place in terms of frequency of use is the interjection “hurray!”, used by 11 people (34%);

In second place is the English “yes!”, this barbarism is very popular in expressing Russian emotions (4 people - 12%).

In third place is our native “wow!” (3 students - 9%).

But below the “prize pedestal” are the words “nice”, “wow!”, about which Mikhail Zadornov makes satirical comments. Quite often you can hear these words from the lips of students. I asked the English teacher what they mean, it turned out that this is a statement with special agreement.

The words “cool”, “cool”, “super”, which are heard, including on TV screens, are also included in the vocabulary of my peers. But this is already a bias towards slang; I have a negative attitude towards such words.

But the answers to the next question smack of our local flavor; the typical Transbaikal word “but” sounds like a positive answer to any question.

Have you prepared your homework?
- But…
-Have you cleaned the room?
- But…

12 people answer this way, although they know that they should say “yes” in this case; both “yes” and “but” - 3 people; only “yes” - 16 people.

Imperative interjection “Hello!” (meaning “speak, I’m listening to you”) is often used in oral speech, but many do not know how to write it: at my request, the guys had to write “hello”: 9 people made mistakes (that’s 28%). Therefore, you must be able not only to pronounce interjections, but also to write them correctly.

Of particular interest to me was the use by my peers of interjections associated with the use of etiquette norms in speech. These words, together with gestures, are like windows through which we can not only hear each other, but also see each other. It’s easy to see how difficult it is to vigorously stamp your foot on the floor and say a friendly “hello” or, waving your hand hopelessly, to say an enthusiastic “ah!”

Thus, gesture as a means of communication is of interest to the researcher. We can often determine a person’s mood by the intonation of a greeting.

So, coming to school in a good mood, our ninth-graders say “hello” - in 29 cases (out of 32), “where necessary, I always say” - 1 person, “rarely” - 2 people. In the same question, other interjections of this group were also mentioned: “thank you”, “goodbye”. As follows from our survey, the norms of speech etiquette are fully used by my peers.

And one more, in my opinion, interesting fact - along with observing the norms of etiquette, the guys use the interjection “hey!” — 4 people without explanation of the situation; 7 people do not speak or speak rarely; but the majority (21 people! 66%) readily describe situations when they use this interjection. “The interjection hey!, which we hear from a person who knows you, but does not want to call you by name, already sounds like an insult,” wrote theater theorist N.V. Kasatkin. This is exactly how this interjection is used when addressing their friends, relatives, acquaintances who did not catch their name, 14 people. (Therefore, after processing the questionnaires, I had to explain to the guys that they were doing the wrong thing). When addressing a stranger their age, 7 guys say “hey”.

Thus, when conducting such a survey, I was able to verify that it is impossible to imagine live speech without intonation. The role of intonation is especially enhanced in interjections, which are devoid of lexical meaning.

F. Delsarte argued that in terms of richness of intonation, interjection ranks first among all parts of speech. It is precisely the underestimation of the role of intonation that explains the fact that for a long time interjections were confused by some linguists with reflexive cries (reaction to pain, fear, surprise, etc.).

3. And the real treasury of interjections, in addition to living (everyday) speech, is, of course, literature. Works of fiction are replete with interjections, which are a fact of direct live communication and are therefore short and concentrated. They give the characters’ speech emotionality, naturalness and national flavor.

Even the great Cicero said: “Every movement of the soul has its natural expression in the voice...” The space of interjections in the works of Gogol N.V., Tolstoy L.N., Chekhov A.P., Ostrovsky A.I., Gorky A. is infinitely rich. M. - you can’t count them all.

I decided to analyze the use of interjections in a comedy that I recently studied and which I really liked - “The Minor” by D.I. Fonvizin.

The ambiguous interjection “ah” adorns almost every page of the comedy. Having learned that Mitrofan “languished” until the morning, Prostakova, blinded by maternal love, exclaims: “Ah, Mother of God!” And during the lesson, when Mitrofan insults Tsyfirkin, Prostakova remarks: “Oh, Lord, my God!” In the mouth of this “despicable fury”, a man without a soul and heart, these interjections sound blasphemous.

Having learned that the serf girl is sick and is lying down, the same Prostakova conveys her indignation with the same interjection: “Lying down! Oh, she’s a beast!” Having rushed at Mitrofan as a rival in the acquisition of Sophia’s capital, his uncle Skotinin growls: “Oh, you damn pig!” The interjection “ah,” as old as the world, in this context, conveying all of Skotinin’s indignation, gives his phrase a completely bestial connotation.

Interjection “Oh! Ouch! Ouch!" and “ah! ah! ah!” flashes in the speech of the foreigner Vralman, who is not strong in the Russian language.

The outdated interjection “ba” is pronounced by Skotinin quite often: “Bah! What does this one equal?”, “Bah! Bah! Bah! Don’t I have enough light rooms?” In the mouth of the arrogant and arrogant Skotinin, this word sounds denoting bewilderment, with a tinge of sarcasm on the part of the author.

Mitrofan, as befits a darling to whom everything is allowed, often uses imperative interjections that contain the command: “Well! And then what?" - Mitrofan answers his mother, who asks him to learn “at least for show.” In the speech of Sophia, Starodum, Pravdin, Milon, the interjection “a” is often found in different meanings: “Ah! you are already here, my dear friend!” - says Starodum, seeing Sophia who is waiting for him. And the interjection expresses the joy of meeting. Having received a letter from Count Chestan, Starodum again pronounces the interjection “a” in the sense of “it’s interesting what he writes.” In a dialogue with Pravdin, he says: “Oh, how great a soul should be in the state...”, conveying with this interjection wisdom in understanding the role of the tsar to improve the lives of his subjects.

We managed to count 102 interjections in a comedy so small in volume. In general, in the Russian language, interjections constitute a large and very rich layer of words in terms of the range of sensations, experiences, volitional impulses, and moods they express.

According to the “Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language”, in the modern Russian language there are 341 interjections - more than prepositions (141), conjunctions (110), particles (149). This intonation wealth must be used skillfully, because the interjection can not only be heard, but also... seen.

So, in the painting by Petrov V.G. “Hunters at a Rest”, an attentive person can hear the intonations of the drawn people, even guess the interjections they use, expressing the surprise of the young hunter; distrust, skepticism, irony of the mean; enthusiastic, boastful exclamations of a hunter - an old man.

In the same way, paintings by Repin, Kramskoy, Surikov and other masters show us certain life situations.

An amazing part of speech is the interjection, if you can even draw it. And even in the artificial language of the future Esperanto there are interjections - they are not superfluous in the vocabulary of a well-mannered person: bonan tagon! (good afternoon!), bonan vesperon (good evening!), bonvenon! (welcome!), bonvolu (please!) All people at all times in everyday life, on the stage, at school and in the army, in a large audience and in private will use interjections. After all, they are part of our life. And it is impossible to exist without interjections.

Petrukhina Oksana Vladimirovna,
Priezhikh Tatyana Pavlovna

Literature:

1. Vartanyan E.A. "Journey into the Word", M., 1980.
2. Gvozdev A.N. “Modern Russian literary language”, M., “Prosveshchenie”, 1973.
3. Collection of “Tales of Ancient Rus'”, M., “Fiction”, 1986.
4. Sereda E.V. Article “Ah, intonation!”, Journal “Russian Literature” 6, 2006.
5. “Modern Russian literary language”, edited by Lekant P.A., M., “Higher School”, 1982.
6. Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N. “Modern Russian language”, part 2, M., “Enlightenment”, 1987.

In the 18th century, French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau said: “To exist is to feel.” There are special words in the language that express a wide variety of feelings. These are interjections. In this lesson you will learn all about interjections as a special part of speech. You will also learn how interjections are written and what punctuation marks are used to distinguish them.

Topic: Interjections

Lesson: Interjection as a part of speech. Hyphen in interjections

Interjection- a special part of speech, not included in either the independent or auxiliary parts of speech, which expresses various feelings and motives, but does not name them.

For example: oh, ah, hurray, ba, my God, etc.

Features of interjections:

· are not grammatically related to other words;

· do not answer questions;

· do not change;

· are not members of the proposal;

Unlike functional parts of speech, interjections serve neither to connect words in a sentence nor to connect parts of a sentence.

Based on their origin, interjections are divided into non-derivative and derivative

· Non-derivative interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech and usually consist of one, two or three sounds: a, oh, uh, ah, oh, oh, wow, alas. This group also includes complex interjections like ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh and so on.

· Derivative interjections formed from words of other parts of speech:

a) verbs ( hello, goodbye, guess what?);

b) nouns ( Fathers, guard, Lord);

c) adverb ( quite, full);

d) pronouns ( same thing).

Derived interjections also include words of foreign origin ( hello, bravo, bis, kaput).

According to the structure, interjections can be:

· simple, that is, consist of one word (a, oh, oh, alas);

· complex, i.e. formed by combining two or three interjections ( ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh, fathers of light);

· composite, that is, consist of two or more words (alas and ah; same thing; here you go; here you go again).

Types of interjections by meaning:

· emotional interjections express, but do not name feelings, moods (joy, fear, doubt, surprise, etc.): oh, oh-oh-oh, alas, my God, fathers, those times, thank God, as if it were not so, ugh and etc.;

interjections that express motivation to action, commands, orders: well, hey, guard, kitty-kiss, out, shoo, march, whoa, come on, sh-sh, ow;

· etiquette interjections are the formulas of speech etiquette: hello(those), hi, thank you, please forgive me, all the best.

Interjections include, but do not include, words denoting instant actions ( bang, clap, slap, etc.), as well as words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds ( tra-ta-ta; boom Boom Boom; Meow meow; Bow-wow; ha-ha-ha, etc.).

Interjections are used in colloquial speech and in artistic style to express the author's emotions or convey the mood of the hero of the work.

Sometimes interjections become independent parts of speech, and they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a part of a sentence.

For example: There was a thunderous sound in the distance hooray».

Fee – Alas And Oh.

Homework

Exercises No. 415–418. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.

Task No. 1. Read it. Pay attention to the intonation with which interjections are pronounced. Write down the sentences in the following sequence: 1) sentences with emotional interjections; 2) sentences with incentive interjections. Indicate shades of emotions and motivations.

1. Ah! Damn Cupid! And they hear, they don’t want to understand... 2. Well! Guilty! What a deal I gave to the hook. 3. Oh, the human race! it has become forgotten that everyone must climb there himself, into that little box where one can neither stand nor sit. 4. I'm sorry; I was in a hurry to see you as soon as possible, I didn’t stop by home. Farewell! I'll be there in an hour... 5. Ah! Alexander Andreich, please, sit down. 6. Eh, Alexander Andreich, it’s bad, brother! 7. Hey, tie a knot for memory; I asked to be silent... 8. The women shouted: hurray! and they threw caps into the air! 9. Ah! My God! He fell and died! 10. He tightened the reins. Well, what a miserable rider. 11. Ah! Evil tongues are worse than a gun. 12. Hey! Filka, Fomka, well, catchers! 13. Eh! Brother! It was a nice life back then. 14. Hello, Chatsky, brother! 15. Well, I cleared away the cloud. 16. Wow! I definitely got rid of the noose: after all, your father is crazy... (A. Griboyedov)

Task No. 2. In the examples from A. S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” highlight the words, phrases and sentences that act as interjections.

1. God be with you, I remain again with my riddle. 2. Have mercy, you and I are not guys: why are other people’s opinions only sacred? 3. Prince Peter Ilyich, princess, my God! 4. And a gift for me, God bless him! 5. “I’ve finished it.” - “Good! I covered my ears." 6. And the ladies?.. May God grant you patience - after all, I myself was married.

Didactic materials. Section "Interjection"

Didactic materials. Section “Onomatopoeic words”

3. Culture of written speech ().

Culture of writing. Interjection.

Interjection. Encyclopedia Around the World.

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts, 8th ed. – M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.